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Article History

Received: 21 May 2024

Accepted: 26 March 2025

First Online: 12 May 2025

Competing interests

: P.J.G. reports personal fees from AbbVie during the conduct of the study and over the last 36 months, personal fees from Aeon Biopharma, Aurene, CoolTech LLC, Dr. Reddy’s, Eli Lilly and Company, Epalex, Kallyope, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Pfizer, PureTech LLC, Satsuma, Shiratronics, Teva Pharmaceuticals and Vial, personal fees for advice through Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, SAI Med Partners and Vector Metric, fees for educational materials from CME Outfitters, and publishing royalties or fees from Massachusetts Medical Society, Oxford University Press, UptoDate, and Wolters Kluwer. J.A. reports support for the present study from AbbVie, personal fees from AbbVie, Aeon, Amgen, Axsome, BioDelivery Sciences International, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Gore, Impel, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Miravo, Neurolief, Pfizer, Satsuma, Teva, Tonix, Dr. Reddy’s, Scilef and Theranica, clinical trial support from Satsuma, Parema and Ipsen, and provision of editorial services to Current Pain and Headache Reports, Medscape, Neurology Live and SELF magazine. D.W.D. reports the following for the past 48 months: consulting for: AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, Atria, AYYA Biosciences, Biohaven, CapiThera Ltd, Cerecin, Ceruvia Lifesciences LLC, CoolTech, Ctrl M, Eli Lilly, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Impel, Lundbeck, Nocira, Novartis, Perfood, Pfizer, Praxis, Revance, Satsuma, Theranica and WL Gore; honoraria from: Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning, American Academy of Neurology, Amgen (speaking), Biopharm Communications, Cambridge University Press, Canadian Headache Society, CEA Group Holding Company (Clinical Education Alliance LLC), Eli Lilly (speaking), Clinical Care Solutions, CME Outfitters, Curry Rockefeller Group, DeepBench, Global Access Meetings, Headache Cooperative of the Pacific, KLJ Associates, Lundbeck (speaking), Majallin LLC, Medica Communications LLC, Medlogix Communications, MF Med Ed Research, Miller Medical Communications, MJH Lifesciences, Oxford University Press, Pfizer (speaking), Teva (speaking), Vector Psychometric Group, WebMD Health/Medscape and Wolters Kluwer; nonprofit board membership for: American Brain Foundation, American Migraine Foundation, Arizona Brain Injury Alliance, Atria Health Collaborative, Domestic Violence HOPE Foundation/Panfila, International Headache Society Global Patient Advocacy Coalition, ONE Neurology and Precon Health Foundation; research support from: American Migraine Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Sperling Foundation and US Department of Defense; stock options, shareholder, board of directors or patents for: Atria Health (options and employee), Aural analytics (options), Axon Therapeutics (options and board), AYYA Biosciences (options), Cephalgia Group (options and board), Ctrl M (options), Epien (options and board), ExSano (options), Healint (options), King-Devick Technologies (options and board), Man and Science, Matterhorn (shares and board), Nocira (options), Ontologics (shares and board), Palion (options), Precon Health (options and board), Second Opinion/Mobile Health (options) and Theranica (options); patent 17189376.1-1466: vTitle: Onabotulinum Toxin Dosage Regimen for Chronic Migraine Prophylaxis (Nonroyalty bearing); and patent application submitted: Synaquell (Precon Health). A.J.S. received consulting fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Axsome Therapeutics, eNeura, Everyday Health, Lundbeck, Med-IQ, Medscape, Miller Medical, Satsuma, and WebMD. C.L., Y.L., J.H. and E.B.-S. are employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock. J.M.T. and S.Y.Y. are former employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock.