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Article History

Received: 5 November 2024

Accepted: 7 April 2025

First Online: 27 May 2025

Competing interests

: E.M.K. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Astellas Pharma, Janssen and Ipsen, received travel funding from Astellas Pharma, Pfizer, Ipsen and Roche, received honoraria from Janssen, Ipsen, Astellas Pharma and Research Review, and received research funding from Astellas Pharma (institutional) and AstraZeneca (institutional). L.E. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Noxopharm and Clarity Pharmaceuticals, participated in a speakers’ bureau for Janssen Oncology, Mundipharma and Astellas Pharma, and received research funding from Noxopharm (institutional) and Novartis (institutional). S.S. has consulted or served in an advisory role for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Skyline Diagnostics and AbbVie, received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb (institutional), Merck (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional) and Janssen (institutional), and received research funding from Amgen (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional), Merck (institutional), Endocyte/Advanced Accelerator Applications (institutional), Roche/Genentech (institutional), Novartis (institutional), Pfizer (institutional) and Senhwa Biosciences (institutional). A.I. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Novartis, Lantheus, Curium, ITM, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Ambrx/J&J (institutional), and received research funding from NIH (institutional), Novartis (institutional), SNMMI (institutional) and ACR (institutional). A.M.J. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Janssen Oncology, Ipsen, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Pfizer, Novartis, Merck Serono, Eisai, IDEAYA Biosciences, IQvia, Bayer, Astellas Pharma, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Medison and Starpharma, has a patent or received royalties with Cancer Therapeutic Methods, owns stock or holds ownership interests in Pricilium Therapeutics and Opthea, and receives research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb (institutional), Janssen Oncology (institutional), Merck Sharpe & Dohme (institutional), Mayna Pharma (institutional), Roche/Genentech (institutional), Bayer (institutional), Lilly (institutional), Pfizer (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional) and Corvus Pharmaceuticals (institutional). R.J.F. consulted or served in an advisory role for AIQ Solutions, receives research funding from AIQ Solutions, and has an immediate family member employed by and owns stock in AIQ Solutions. A.M.S. has consulted or served in an advisory role for ImmunOs Therapeutics and Imagion Biosystems, has an institutional patent relating to antibodies to EGFR, HER2, PDGF-CC, FN-14, GM-CSF, EphA3, owns stock or holds ownership interests in Paracrine Therapeutics and Certis Therapeutics, and received research funding from Telix Pharmaceuticals (institutional), Curis (institutional), Isotopen Technologien (institutional), Adalta (institutional), Fusion Pharmaceuticals (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional), EMD Serono (institutional), Cyclotek (institutional), AVID/Lilly (institutional), Merck (institutional), Humanigen (institutional) and Antengene (institutional). M.R.S. has received research funding from Astellas Pharma (institutional), Bayer (institutional), Medivation (institutional), Pfizer (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional), Bristol-Myers Squibb (institutional), Roche (institutional), Amgen (institutional), Merck Sharpe & Dohme (institutional), Tilray (institutional), BeiGene (institutional) and Novartis (institutional). M.A. is compensated for a leadership role in Fluivia and owns stock in Fluivia. S.H.T. has received honoraria from Bayer. I.D.D. is the unremunerated chair of ANZUP Cancer Trials Group, and has received research funding from Astellas Pharma (institutional), Pfizer (institutional), Roche/Genentech (institutional), MSD Oncology (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional), Janssen Oncology (institutional), Eisai (institutional), Bayer (institutional), Amgen (institutional), Bristol-Myers Squibb (institutional), Movember Foundation (institutional), Exelixis (institutional), Ipsen (institutional), Seagen (institutional) and ESSA (institutional). M.S.H. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Janssen, MSD and Novartis, received travel funding from Novartis and Debiopharm Group, and received research funding from Bayer (institutional), Novartis (institutional), Isotopia Molecular Imaging (institutional) and Debiopharm Group (institutional). A.A.A. has consulted or served in an advisory role for Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Janssen, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Tolmar, Telix Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck Serono, Amgen, Noxopharma, Aculeus Therapeutics and Daiichi Sankyo, participated in a speakers’ bureau for Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Amgen, Bayer, Janssen, Ipsen, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Merck Serono, received travel funding from Astellas Pharma, Sanofi, Merck Serono, Amgen, Janssen, Tolmar, Pfizer, Bayer and Hinova Pharmaceuticals, received honoraria from Janssen, Astellas Pharma, Novartis, Tolmar, Amgen, Pfizer, Bayer, Telix Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Ipsen, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Noxopharm, Aculeus Therapeutics and Daiichi Sankyo, and received research funding Astellas Pharma (institutional), Merck Serono (institutional), Novartis (institutional), Pfizer (institutional), Bristol-Myers Squibb (institutional), Sanofi (institutional), AstraZeneca (institutional), GlaxoSmithKline (institutional), Aptevo Therapeutics (institutional), MedImmune (institutional), Bionomics (institutional), Synthorx (institutional), Astellas Pharma (institutional), Ipsen (institutional), Merck Serono (institutional), Lilly (institutional), Gilead Sciences (institutional), Exelixis (institutional), MSD (institutional) and Hinova Pharmaceuticals (institutional). A.W.W. has received honoraria from Janssen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Merck, Bayer, Pfizer and EMD Serono, and received research funding from Promontory Therapeutics (institutional), ESSA Pharma (institutional) and Tyra Biosciences (institutional). The other authors declare no competing interests.