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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 6 June 2025

Competing interests

: F.H.M. receives research support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and Breakthrough T1D (formerly Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) Canada). P.B. receives salary and research support from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF) and the American Heart Association. P.B. also receives research support from the University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute and Seattle Children’s Research Institute and holds the Raisbeck Endowed Chair of Diabetes Research at the University of Washington. P.B. reports serving or having served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, LG Chemistry, Sanofi, Novo Nordisk and Horizon Pharma. P.B. also serves or has served on advisory boards and/or steering committees of AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and XORTX. P.B. reports grant funding from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim and Horizon Pharma. D.Z.I.C. is the Gabor Zellerman Chair in Nephrology Research at the University of Toronto and was supported by a Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Merit Award. He receives support from the CIHR, Diabetes Canada and the Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research. D.Z.I.C. is also the recipient of a 5-year CIHR–Kidney Foundation of Canada Team Grant award with additional support from Breakthrough T1D. D.Z.I.C. has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim–Lilly, Merck, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, AbbVie, Janssen, Amgen, Bayer, Prometic Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Maze, Gilead, CSL-Behring, Otsuka, Novartis, Youngene, Lexicon, Inversago, GlaxoSmithKline, Biobridge, Vantage, Altimmune and Novo Nordisk and has received operational funding for clinical trials from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly, Merck, Janssen, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, CSL-Behring, Lexicon, Novo Nordisk and Bayer. H.J.L.H. reports funding to conduct clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen and Novo Nordisk (payments to his institution, the University of Groningen); consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Alnylam, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BioCity Biopharma, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Idorsia, Janssen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Travere Therapeutics (payments to his institution, the University of Groningen); honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Novo Nordisk; and support for traveling to and attending the American Diabetes Association meeting and the American Society of Nephrology meeting from AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly (payment to his institution, the University of Groningen). K.L.T. receives salary and research support from the National Institutes of Health (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) and the American Diabetes Association. K.L.T. also receives research support from the Seattle Children’s Research Institute. The other authors declare no competing interests.