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Article History

Received: 11 December 2024

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Competing interests

: The institution of C.K.M. is supported by NORC Center Grant P30 DK072476 entitled Nutrition and Metabolic Health Through the Lifespan sponsored by NIDDK and by grant U54 GM104940 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which funds the Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center. C.K.M. declares research funding from Eli Lilly and Company paid to his institution to perform the work described in this paper; research grants or contracts paid to his institution from Pack Health, American Society for Nutrition, RAND Corporation, Richard King Mellon Foundation (RKMF), Evidation Health, Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, State of Louisiana Federal American Rescue Plan (ARP), USDA, The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., University of Rochester (NY), Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, Kroger Co. Zero Hunger/Zero Waste Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Weight Watchers, American Diabetes Association, Eli Lilly and Company, National Science Foundation (NSF) and National Institutes of Health (NIH); royalties from ABGIL; personal consulting fees from EHE Health and WondrHealth; honoraria from Obesity Action Coalition, Indiana University Bloomington, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Brigham Young University, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), University of Southern California and Commission on Dietetic Registration; travel support from Indiana University Bloomington, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Brigham Young University, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), University of Southern California and Commission on Dietetic Registration; provision of research materials from Eli Lilly and Company and Weight Watchers; participation on advisory boards for Duke University (NIH-funded trial) and University of Alabama at Birmingham NIH-funded Nutrition Obesity Research Center; mentorship for a junior investigator at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln who received an NIH-supported training grant; and participation in a Bray Course Planning Committee. O.T.C. declares a research grant from Eli Lilly and Company to his institution to perform the work described in this paper and research grants from NIH and Nestle, Inc., and has served on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk. D.A.K. declares clinical trial and research support from Eli Lilly and Company to his institution to perform the work described in this paper, as well as research support from the NIH. R.V.C. declares clinical trial support from Eli Lilly and Company and research support from Adipo Therapeutics. R.D.M. declares research grants from Grain Foods Foundation, Almond Board of California and Eli Lilly and Company; consulting fees from Mars Foods, General Mills Bright Seed and the Calorie Control Council; honoraria from Clean Label Conference, Columbia University, Sports Nutrition Plus, USDA, Michigan State University, American Diabetes Association, Mediterranean Diet Roundtable, American Society for Nutrition, American Italian Food Coalition and Healthy Aging Science Forum; participation on safety monitoring boards/advisory boards for NIDCD; and presidency of the American Society for Nutrition. U.D. declares a research grant from Eli Lilly and Company to her institution to perform the work described in this paper and research support from the NIH and the International Manganese Institute. S.C. declares payments to her institution to support the work described in this paper. S.S., H.N., A.K., S.U., L.B., E.P., A.H., M.M., D.O.S., Z.M. and T.C. are employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. D.S. declares no competing interests.