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Article History

Received: 8 October 2024

Accepted: 27 May 2025

First Online: 21 July 2025

Competing interests

: E.B. has served as a consultant or advisory board member for Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, Intercept, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and ProSciento and as a speaker for Gilead, Intercept, Merck, Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. E.B. also received a research grant from Gilead for fatty liver research. K.C. has received research support for the University of Florida as principal investigator from Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Inventiva, LabCorp and Perspectum and has served as a consultant for Aligos Therapeutics, Arrowhead, AstraZeneca, 89bio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento, Sagimet Biosciences, Siemens USA and Terns Pharmaceuticals. P.N.N. reports grants from Novo Nordisk and has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Madrigal and Novo Nordisk. P.N.N. also reports honoraria as a speaker from AiCME, Echosens and Novo Nordisk; support for attending meetings from Novo Nordisk; and participation on advisory boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrigal, Novo Nordisk and Sagimet. Q.M.A. is supported by the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre and the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI2) program of the European Union. Q.M.A. has received consulting fees on behalf of Newcastle University from 89bio, Akero, Alimentiv, AstraZeneca, Axcella, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galmed, Genentech, Genfit, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Hanmi, HistoIndex, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, IQVIA, Janssen, Madrigal, Medpace, Merck, NGMBio, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PathAI, Pfizer, Pharmanest, Poxel, Prosciento, Resolution Therapeutics, Ridgeline Therapeutics, Roche, RTI, Shionogi and Terns Pharmaceuticals. He has received payment or honoraria from Fishawack, Integritas Communications, Kenes, Madrigal, Medscape, Novo Nordisk and Springer Healthcare. R.L. has served as a consultant to 89bio, Aardvark Therapeutics, Altimmune, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cascade Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Glympse Bio, Inipharma, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Lipidio, Madrigal, Neurobo, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Sagimet, Takeda, Terns Pharmaceuticals and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institution received research grants from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galectin Therapeutics, Gilead, Intercept, Hanmi, Intercept, Inventiva, Ionis, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sonic Incytes and Terns Pharmaceuticals. He is co-founder of LipoNexus, Inc. V.R. has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrigal, Novo Nordisk, ProSciento and Sagimet and research grants (to institution) from Merck Sharp & Dohme. V.W.-S.W. has served as a consultant or advisory board member for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Inventiva, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sagimet Biosciences and TARGET PharmaSolutions and as a speaker for Abbott, AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Novo Nordisk and Unilab. He received a research grant from Gilead Sciences and is a co-founder of Illuminatio Medical Technology Limited. He has received travel support from AbbVie and Gilead Sciences. M.J., J.N., M.S.K., K.A., K.M.B., E.D.G., M.G., L.L.G., L.M.H., G.M., L.M.N., M.S.P., A.-S.S. and L.B.K. are employees and/or stockholders of Novo Nordisk A/S.