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Article History

Received: 28 November 2023

Accepted: 27 May 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Competing interests

: M.D.G. reports consulting roles with BioMotiv, Janssen, Dendreon, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Astellas Pharma, Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Novartis, Pfizer, EMD Serono, AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, Incyte, Aileron Therapeutics, Dracen, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, NuMab, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Basilea, UroGen Pharma, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences and Silverback Therapeutics; stock ownership with Rappta Therapeutics; and research funding with Janssen Oncology, Dendreon, Novartis, BMS, Merck, AstraZeneca and Genentech/Roche. D.F.B. reports consulting roles with Merck, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A. and BMS Foundation; travel with Merck; and research funding to their institution with Novartis, Merck, BMS, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma and Seattle Genetics/Astellas. Y.T. reports consulting roles with Eisai, MSD and Ono Pharmaceutical; honoraria with Astellas Pharma, BMS Japan, Chugai Pharma, Novartis and Ono Pharmaceutical; and research funding to their institution with Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharma, Eisai, MSD, Novartis, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer and Takeda. D.Y. declares no conflicts of interest. M.A. declares no conflicts of interest. D.E. reports institution financial interests with Astellas for Bladder Cancer Preceptorship, Bayer for Ra223 advisory board and Janssen for Prostate Cancer UK Summit. A.P. reports being on advisory boards with Astellas, Bayer, BMS, Exelixis, Janssen, Medison Pharma, MSD, Takada and Teva; expert testimony with Roche; and an Institutional research grant from Sanofi (no financial interest). M.M. reports being an advisory board or invited speaker with Elsevier, Loxo/Lilly and Medscape; a co-editor-in-chief with Elsevier; having stocks and shares with Gilead Sciences, Merck and Pfizer; and institutional financial interests from Accuray, Acrivon Therapeutics, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, Alliance Foundation Trials, ALX Oncology, Amgen, Arvinas, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clovis Oncology, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, G1 Therapeutics, Hoosier Cancer Research Network, Incyte, Loxo, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Novartis, Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium, Roche/Genentech and Seagen. K.K. declares no conflicts of interest. M.O.-G. reports honoraria with AstraZeneca, MSD, Pfizer, Ipsen, Merck Serono, EUSA Pharma and Janssen Cilag; consulting roles with AstraZeneca, BMS, Ipsen, MSD, Pfizer, EUSA Pharma, Merck Serono, Takeda, Eisai, Bayer Vital and Janssen Cilag; research funding to their institution with BMS, Intuitive Surgical and Bayer Vital; and travel with BMS, Merck Serono, MSD, Janssen Cilag, Ipsen and AstraZeneca. F.S. reports institutional financial interests with BMS, Ipsen, MSD, Pfizer and Roche for advisory boards; institutional financial interests with BMS for being coordinating principal investigator; and no personal financial interests. J.M.D., J.L., S.D.C., F.N., A.A. and K.Ü.-K. report previous employment with and ownership of stock in BMS. A.N. reports consulting roles with Roche, Janssen, Bayer, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Merck, Clovis Oncology, Incyte and Pfizer; research grant to their institution from Merck, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, BMS and Gilead; and a nonfinancial leadership role with the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumors.