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Authors
Freyer, Oscar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-2492
Jayabalan, Sanddhya
Kather, Jakob N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348
Gilbert, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1997-1689
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Article History
First Online: 18 July 2025
Competing interests
: O.F. has a leadership role and holds stock in WhalesDontFly GmbH, and has had consulting relationships with Prova Health Ltd. J.N.K. declares consulting services for Bioptimus, France; Panakeia, UK; AstraZeneca, UK; and MultiplexDx, Slovakia. Furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI, Synagen and Ignition Lab (all in Germany); has received an institutional research grant by GSK; and has received honoraria by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. S.G. is an advisory group member of the Ernst & Young-coordinated “Study on Regulatory Governance and Innovation in the field of Medical Devices” conducted on behalf of the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety of the European Commission. S.G. has or has had consulting relationships with Una Health GmbH, Lindus Health Ltd, Flo Ltd, Thymia Ltd, the FORUM Institut für Management GmbH, High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH and Ada Health GmbH, and holds share options in Ada Health GmbH.
