Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 13 June 2025

First Online: 30 July 2025

Change Date: 7 August 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the version of this article initially published, references to Merck in the affiliations, Data availability section and statement of competing interests should have referred specifically to Merck KGaA or Merck & Co., Inc., as are now amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Competing interests

: S.K.: ownership interest in Lutris, Iylon, Frontier Medicines, Xilis and Navire; consultant for Genentech, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, Holy Stone Healthcare, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer Health, Redx Pharma, Ipsen, HalioDx, Lutris, Jacobio, Pfizer, Repare Therapeutics, Inivata, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Iylon, Xilis, AbbVie, Amal Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Mirati Therapeutics, Flame Biosciences, Servier, Carina Biotech, Bicara Therapeutics, Endeavor BioMedicines, Numab, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, Genomic Health, Frontier Medicines, Replimune, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Cardiff Oncology, Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb-Medarex, Amgen, Tempus, Foundation Medicine, Harbinger Oncology, Takeda, CureTeq, Zentalis, Black Stone Therapeutics, NeoGenomics Laboratories, Accademia Nazionale Di Medicina and Tachyon Therapeutics; and research funding from Sanofi, Biocartis, Guardant Health, Array BioPharma, Genentech/Roche, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, MedImmune, Novartis, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Daiichi Sankyo. V.B.: institutional research funding from Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Loxo, Novartis, CytomX Therapeutics, Puma Biotechnology, Kura, Tesaro, Roche/Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Menarini, Synthon, Janssen Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, Eli Lilly, Merus, Pfizer, Bayer, Incyte, AbbVie, Zenith Epigenetics, Genmab, AstraZeneca, Adaptimmune, Alkermes, Amgen, Array BioPharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, BioNTech AG and Boston Biomedical; consulting fees from OncoArt and Guidepoint Global; honoraria fees from Loxo, Ideaya Biosciences, Puma Biotechnology, Amunix, Guidepoint Global and the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; speakers’ bureau fees from Solti, Eli Lilly and Tactics; advisory board attendance or travel fees from START and Bayer; leadership at NEXT Oncology (to the institution); and stock ownership. K.K.: research funding (to the institution) from Ono Pharmaceutical for this clinical trial; consulting fees from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, BeiGene/Novartis, AstraZeneca, Roche, Bayer, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and Janssen; honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol Myers Squibb; and payments for expert testimony from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol Myers Squibb. K.P.S.R.: honoraria from Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Eisai, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ and Seagen; consulting or advisory role for Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Eisai, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ and Seagen; research funding from AbbVie (to the institution), Bayer (to the institution), Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca (to the institution), Eisai (to the institution), Guardant Health (to the institution), HiberCell (to the institution), Innovent Biologics (to the institution), Janssen (to the institution), the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (to the institution), Roche/Genentech (to the institution), UCB (to the institution) and Xencor (to the institution). I.-R.R. declares personal, advisory board, for Syneos and Telix Pharmaceuticals and financial interests, institutional, employment with NEXT Oncology. A.P., C.B., A.S., P.C., W.S., S.R.-W. and F.H. are employees of the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.