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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Competing interests

: K.M., A.L. and P.A. have no competing interests. B.M.E. has previously worked as a consultant to the University of Miami Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas on a research project related to measuring the economic value of women’s paid and unpaid contributions to the health sector, funded by Merck KGaA/EMD Serono. The research from this grant is not reported in this paper. This grant did not influence the development of this paper. F.M.K. has one research grant to University of Miami Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas related to measuring the economic value of women’s paid and unpaid contributions to the health sector received from Merck KGaA/EMD Serono. F.M.K. also serves as a consultant to the CEO of Merck KGaA and EMD Serono, advising the company’s strategy related to the Healthy Women, Healthy Economies and Embracing Carers initiatives, as well as on sustainable development and women in leadership. F.M.K. received no compensation from this consulting agreement for work on this paper. F.M.K. used research -grant travel funds to attend and present at the June 2019 Women Deliver Conference session ‘Healthy Women, Healthy Economies: New Insights into Womenomics’. F.M.K. is the founding president of Tómatelo a Pecho, A.C. Mexico (unpaid) and a senior economist with the Mexican Health Foundation (unpaid)). F.M.K.’s grant, research and roles did not influence the development of this paper.