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Article History

Received: 22 January 2025

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Competing interests

: B.I.R. reports receiving writing support for the present paper from Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD); payment to his institution for clinical trial research from MSD; and consulting fees from MSD. E.R.P. reports receiving honoraria for scientific advisory from 23andMe, AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Aura Biosciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, EMD Serono, Exelixis, IMV, Merck, Pfizer, Seagen, Seattle Genetics, Signatera, Synthekine, 23andMe and UroGen and continuing medical education talks for Cancer Network Readout 360, Clinical Care Options, CUA, Everyday Health Med Page Today, GU Oncology Now, Mashup Media, Mayo Clinic Hematology–Oncology Reviews, MJH Oncology, OncLive, PlatformQ, Research to Practice, Targeted Oncology, TouchME and VJ Oncology. V.S. reports receiving honoraria for presentations by Pfizer and support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Bionorica. R.G. reports funding for the present paper from MSD; grants or contracts to him and his institution from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen, Pfizer and Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen, Pfizer and Roche; support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen, Pfizer and Roche; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen, Pfizer and Roche. T.W. reports a research grant paid to his institution from MSD; honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, EUSA Pharma, Ipsen and Pfizer; travel support from Bristol Myers Squibb, EUSA Pharma and Ipsen; and advisory board fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, EUSA Pharma, Ipsen and MSD. D.N. reports honoraria for lectures from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Eisai, Pfizer and Roche and honoraria for participation on advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Roche. F.P. reports grants or contracts for research from Astellas, Janssen, Merck & Co., Novartis, Pfizer, Tersera and Tolmar; consulting fees from Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, Novartis, Tersera and Tolmar; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, Novartis, Tersera and Tolmar; support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Novartis, Tersera and Tolmar; and leadership or fiduciary role for the National Cancer Institute Prostate Cancer Task Force and the Canadian Cancer Trials Group Genito-Urinary Clinical Trial Group. B.A. reports support for the present paper from MSD; grants or contracts from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck & Co., Pfizer and Roche; consulting fees from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck & Co., MSD, Pfizer and Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck & Co., MSD, Pfizer and Roche; support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck & Co. and Roche; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck & Co., Pfizer and Roche. D.S. reports support for the present paper from MSD; grants to his institution from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co. and Novartis; consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ipsen, Merck & Co. and Pfizer; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co. and Pfizer. B.M. reports receiving honoraria for participation on advisory boards from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Servier; honoraria for lectures from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Servier; and support for attending meetings and (or) travel from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono and MSD. D.B. reports grants to her institution from Bristol Myers Squibb and Pfizer; grants or contracts to her institution for clinical trials from Aveo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, MSD, Roche and Pfizer; consulting fees for consulting or advisory board from Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, MSD and Pfizer; and support for traveling to meetings from Ipsen, MSD and Pfizer. R.S.M. reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Janssen and MSD and support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Bayer, Novartis and Pfizer. J. Bedke reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Apogepha, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Gilead Sciences, Ipsen Innovation, Janssen, Merck KGaA, MSD, Pfizer and Seagen. S.T. reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakersʼ bureaus, paper writing or educational events from Merck Biopharma, MSD, Pfizer and Takeda. S.W., J.M., Y.Z., A.L., A.V., R.F.P. and J. Burgents are employees of MSD, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., and own stock in Merck & Co. T.P. reports grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Merck Serono, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson and Eisai; consulting fees and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Incyte, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Merck Serono, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson, Eisai, Roche, Mashup and Gilead Sciences; support for attending meetings and (or) travel from Roche, Pfizer, MSD, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Gilead Sciences, Astellas and MSD; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AstraZeneca, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Merck Serono, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson and Eisai; and other financial interests from Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Roche/Genentech, Eisai and Merck. I.V. and S.J.d.A. declare no competing interests.