Updates are available Correction dated 2025-08-26

Article History

Received: 15 March 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2025

First Online: 14 August 2025

Change Date: 26 August 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03975-2

Competing interests

: K.L.K.: institutional research support from Bristol Myers Squibb and trial support from GlaxoSmithKline, Immunocore, Varian Medical Systems and Merck. S.L.B. reports no competing interests. Z.E.: advisory board for Regeneron, Pfizer, Replimune, Incyte, Natera and SunPharma and research funding from Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim. S.H.-L.: scientific advisor/consultant for Amgen, Ascendis, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genmab, Endeavor, Immunocore, Merck, Nektar, Neon Therapeutics, Novartis, Regeneron, Replimune, Vaccinex and Xencor and contracted research through affiliated institutions from Astellas, Aulos Bio, BioAtla, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Checkmate, Dragonfly, Erasca, F Star, Genentech, Immunocore, Iovance, Kite Pharma, Lyell, Merck, Nektar, Neon Therapeutics, OncoC4, Pfizer, Plexxikon, Vaccinex, Vedanta and Xencor. K.M.C. reports being a shareholder in Geneoscopy LLC and Georgiamune and has received consulting fees from Geneoscopy LLC, PACT Pharma, Tango Therapeutics, Flagship Labs 81 LLC, the Rare Cancer Research Foundation, the Jaime Leandro Foundation, Noetik and Georgiamune. W.E.C. reports no competing interests. D.A.W.: clinical trial support from Orlucent, Inc. and Blueprint Medicines. J.A.P. reports no competing interests. J.A.S. reports no competing interests. G.K.I.: institutional research grants/contracts from Pfizer, Regneron, Replmune, Bicara, Merck, Georgiamune, Obsidian, Immunocore, Iovance and Xencor; advisory boards for Pfizer, Regeneron, Replimune and Obsidian; and consultant for Pfizer. A.I.: research funding from Merck. J.H.: institutional research grants/contracts from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Iovance, Lyell, Natera, Skyline and Philogen. A.S.B.: advisory board for Deciphera and research funding from Merck. N.I.K.: advisory board for Regeneron, Merck, Replimune, Immunocore, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Novartis, IO Biotech, MyCareGorithm and HUYABIO International; travel support from Castle Biosciences and Regeneron; data safety monitoring board for Incyte and AstraZeneca; scientific advisory board for T-Knife Therapeutics; study steering committee for Bristol Myers Squibb, Nektar, Regeneron and Replimune; common stock in Bellicum Pharmaceuticals and Amarin; and research funding (to institution) from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Regeneron, Replimune, GlaxoSmithKline, Celgene, Novartis, IDEAYA Biosciences, Modulation Therapeutics and HUYABIO International. J. Markowitz: research support from Morphogenesis, Inc. (now TuHURA Biosciences, Inc.) and Merck. M.M.: advisory boards for Merck and Regeneron. G.N. reports no competing interests. S.K.: speakersʼ bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb. G.C.D.: advisory board for Iovance Biotherapeutics. U.S.: consultancy for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Adaptimmune, Exelixis, Gilead, Imvax, Janssen, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics and Sanofi and research funding (to institution) from Janssen, Exelixis and Astellas/Seattle Genetics. T.R. reports no competing interests. B.N.M. reports no competing interests. E.M. reports no competing interests. I.B.-C. reports no competing interests. C.R.G. reports no competing interests. I.P.G. reports no competing interests. A.V.-C. reports no competing interests. J.M.C. reports no competing interests. N.N.A.-D. reports no competing interests. S.P.P.: honoraria for advisory boards, steering committees, data safety monitoring boards or consulting from Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardinal Health, Castle Biosciences, Ideaya, Immatics, IO Biotech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Obsidian, OncoSec, Pfizer, Replimune, Scancell and TriSalus Life Sciences. E.S.: consulting for DE Shaw Research and advisory board for Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. J. Moon reports no competing interests. M.C.W. reports no competing interests. A.R. has received honoraria for consulting for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis and Roche-Genentech; is or has been a member of the scientific advisory board and holds stock in Appia, Apricity, Arcus, Compugen, CytomX, ImaginAb, ImmPact, Inspirna, Kite-Gilead, Larkspur, Lyell, Lutris, MapKure, Merus, Synthekine and Tango; and has received research funding from Agilent Technologies and from Bristol Myers Squibb through Stand Up to Cancer (SU2C) and patent royalties from Arsenal Bio.