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Article History
Received: 24 October 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 28 August 2025
Competing interests
: Y.J. is a patent holder of Optovue/Visionix, Inc., Optos plc and Genentech, Inc. She receives financial support from Genentech, Inc., and she receives financial compensation from Optovue/Visionix, Inc. and Genentech, Inc. P.A.K. is a co-founder of Cascader Ltd., has acted as a consultant for Retina Consultants of America, Roche, Boehringer Ingleheim and Bitfount and is an equity owner in Big Picture Medical. He has received speaker fees from Zeiss, Thea, Apellis and Roche. He has received travel support from Bayer and Roche. He has attended advisory boards for Topcon, Bayer, Boehringer Ingleheim and Roche. T.Y.W. is a consultant for AbbVie Pte Ltd., Aldropika Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Zeiss, Genentech, Iveric Bio, Novartis, Opthea Limited, Plano, Quaerite Biopharm Research Ltd., Roche, Sanofi and Shanghai Henlius. He is an inventor, holds patents and is a co-founder of start-up companies EyRiS and Visre, which have interests in, and develop digital solutions for, eye diseases. All potential conflicts of interests for consultancy, advisory boards and positions in the start-up companies and financial renumeration, if any, are managed by institutional policies under SingHealth and Tsinghua University. The other authors declare no competing interests.