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Authors
Ganjgahi, Habib
Häring, Dieter A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-8710
Aarden, Piet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7826-7985
Graham, Gordon
Sun, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5483-0953
Gardiner, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-1087
Su, Wendy
Berge, Claude
Bischof, Antje
Fisher, Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-3704
Gaetano, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-2858
Thoma, Stefan P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-9252
Kieseier, Bernd C.
Nichols, Thomas E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-5103
Thompson, Alan J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-8496
Montalban, Xavier
Lublin, Fred D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5722-0475
Kappos, Ludwig https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-5509
Arnold, Douglas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-0106
Bermel, Robert A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-6883
Wiendl, Heinz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4310-3432
Holmes, Chris C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6667-4943
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Competing interests
: A.J.T. receives fees from being Co-Chair, UCL-Eisai Steering Committee drug discovery collaboration; Member, National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Research Programs Advisory Committee; Clinical Trials Committee, Progressive MS Alliance; Board Member, European Charcot Foundation; Editor in Chief, Multiple Sclerosis journal; and Editorial Board Member, Lancet Neurology. He receives no fees from being Chair (Scientific Ambassadors), ‘Stop MS’ Appeal Board, UK MS Society; research & academic counsellor, Fundació Privada Cemcat; and Ambassador, European Brain Council. A.J.T. additionally holds a patent for the MSIS-29 Impact Scale. X.M. has received speaking honoraria and travel expenses for participation in scientific meetings and has been a steering committee member of clinical trials or has participated in advisory boards of clinical trials in the past years with AbbVie, Actelion, Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Immunic, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Mylan, NervGen, Novartis, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, TG Therapeutics, EXCEMED, the MS International Federation and the NMSS. F.D.L. reports as sources of funding for research: Novartis, Actelion, Biogen, Sanofi, NMSS, National Institutes of Health and Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics; consulting agreements/advisory boards/data and safety monitoring board: Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Teva, Actelion/Janssen, Sanofi/Genzyme, Acorda, Roche/ Genentech, MedImmune/Viela Bio, Receptos/Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, TG Therapeutics, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Atara Biotherapeutics, Mapi Pharma, Apitope, Orion Biotechnology, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, GW Pharma, Mylan, Immunic, Population Council, Avotres, Neurogene, Banner Life Sciences, LabCorp, Entelexo Biotherapeutics and NeuraLight; stock options: Avotres and NeuraLight; and speaker: Sanofi (non-promotional). L.K.’s institution (University Hospital Basel) has received the following exclusively for research support: steering committee, advisory board and/or consultancy fees (Biogen, EMD Serono Research and Development, Genentech, Janssen, Novartis, Clene Nanomedicine, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly (Suisse) SA, EMD Serono Research and Development, Galapagos NV, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Merck Healthcare AG, Minoryx and Santhera, Neurostatus UHB AG, Roche, Sanofi, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Shionogi BV, Wellmera AG and Zai Lab); speaker fees (Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi); grants (European Union, Innosuisse, Merck Healthcare AG, Novartis and Roche); and testimony (Df-mp Mplina & Pohlman). D.L.A. reports consulting fees from Biogen, Biohaven, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Find Therapeutics, Frequency Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Race to Erase MS, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Shionogi and Xfacto Communications as well as an equity interest in NeuroRx. R.A.B. has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Biogen, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Genentech, Novartis and VielaBio. He also receives research support from Biogen, Genentech and Novartis. H.W. has received honoraria for being a member of scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Evgen, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche Pharma AG and Sanofi-Aventis as well as speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, Biogen, Cognomed, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche Pharma AG, Genzyme, Teva and WebMD Global. H.W. is also acting as a paid consultant for AbbVie, Actelion, Biogen, IGES, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis and the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society. His research is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, the European Union, the Hertie Foundation, the NRW Ministry of Education and Research, the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster and RE Children’s Foundation, Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche Pharma AG and Sanofi-Genzyme. D.A.H., P.A., G.G., W.S., E.F., L.G. and B.C.K. are employees of Novartis. H.G., Y.S., S.G., T.E.N. and C.C.H. are current employees of the Big Data Institute, which received funding from Novartis to collaborate on AI in medicine, including the work presented here. C.B. and S.P.T. are employees of Roche. A.B. received speaker honoraria from Amicus Therapeutics and Biogen. T.E.N. received consulting fees from Perspectum Ltd.
