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Article History

Received: 27 December 2024

Accepted: 24 July 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Competing interests

: P.M. had a consultant/advisory role for Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, AMGEN, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre and Incyte. He is a member of the advisory board of Drug-PIN. A.G. is the holder of patent PTC/IB2019/052310. G.C. had a role in advisory board for Roche, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Gilead, Menarini, Exact Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck. M.B. is employed in the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) and is an unpaid member of the Technical and Scientific Committee of the Italian Medicine Agency (AIFA). S.L. was an invited speaker for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Servier and had a role in advisory boards for Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Servier, Takeda, Rottapharm, BeiGene, Fosun Pharma and Nimbus Therapeutics. S.S. was an invited speaker for Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Roche and AstraZeneca. L.F. reports speaking honoraria from Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb snd Eli Lilly. He also received institutional research funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Incyte, BeiGene, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo and Roche. He had a role in advisory boards for Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Taiho, Servier, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Astellas. V.G. has a role in leadership for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Olema Oncology, Pierre Fabre and Menarini Stemline. She had a role as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Roche, Zentiva and Menarini Stemline and provided expert testimony for Eli Lilly. U.D.G. received consultation fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Esai, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen), Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Pfizer and travel expenses for attending symposia from AstraZeneca, Ipsen and Pfizer. P.A., G.B., G.D., M.A., C.C., P.C., E. Crimini and M.C. declare no competing interests. S.P. had a role as consultant/advisor for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Sophos and Gilead and received travel and accommodation fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Menarini, Novartis and Gilead. S.V. had a role as a speaker for Novartis. R.B. declares no competing interests. S.B. received congress travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Bayer and Ipsen and had a role in advisory boards and steering committees for Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Astellas, Roche, Johnson & Johnson, Ipsen, Bayer, Novartis, Merck, AstraZeneca and Gilead. G.B. declares no competing interests. L.D.M. received personal grant for advisory/consultant/speaker activities from Agendia, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ipsen, Roche, Seagen, Menarini, Stemline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Olema, Pierre Fabre and Pfizer. A.D.C. declares no competing interests. A.F. received financial fees from Roche, Menarini, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca and Gentili. E.F., S.G., G.M., A.P. and D.P. declare no competing interests. F.P. received honoraria for advisory boards, activities as a speaker, travel grants and research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Celgene, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, Ipsen, Italfarmaco, Menarini, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Takeda and Viatris. He received research funding from AstraZeneca, Eisai and Roche. S.T. declares no competing interests. A.Z. received honoraria for consultancy and advisory board from Roche, Novartis, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Exact Sciences, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Seagen, Menarini and Stemline. D.M. had a role in advisory boards for Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck and AstraZeneca and received fees for travel and meetings from Pierre Fabre and Amgen. F.C. received fees for membership of an advisory board or lectures from Roche, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Takeda, Eli Lilly, Bayer, Amgen, Sanofi, Pharmamar, Novocure, Mirati, Galecto, OSE, Illumina, Thermo Fisher Scientific, BeiGene and Merck Sharp & Dohme. B.C. had a role in advisory boards for Merck Sharp & Dohme and Daiichi Sankyo. G.G. declares no competing interests. U.M. has received personal fees (as a consultant and/or speaker bureau) from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eli Lilly, Diaceutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Diatech, Novartis and Hedera. F.M. and M.N. declare no competing interests. G.P. received financial fees from Illumina, Roche, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Exact Sciences and ADS Biotech. M.S. and L.S. declare no competing interests. G.T. had a role in advisory boards for Molteni, Novartis, PharmaMar and Merck Sharp & Dohme. N.M. received advisory board consultation fees from Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer and AstraZeneca. A.B. had a role in advisory boards and steering committees and has been an invited speaker for Novartis, Roche, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb and Gentili. A.S., V.A., D.Q., P.T., P.D., B.U., C.B. and E.Z. declare no competing interests. C.P. received personal fees for advisory role, speaker engagements and travel accommodation expenses from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Incyte, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi and Servier. A.T., L.B., E.M., C.M. and A.R. declare no competing interests. R. Berardi received consulting fees and/or donations to institution from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche, Astellas, Eisai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Menarini, Gilead, Pierre Fabre, Bristol Myers Squibb, Seagen, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo. G.L. received advisory/consulting fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Novartis, Orbus, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Health4u, Braun Melsungen, Janssen, BioRegio-Stern, Servier, Novocure and TME Pharma and travel fees from Roche, Bayer and Servier. A. Piancastelli declares no competing interests. G. Masi received fees for advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai, Roche and Sirtex; speaking honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai, Terumo and Sirtex; travel grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai and Roche; and research grants from Roche, Terumo and Sirtex. L.B., V.V. and F. Mannozzi declare no competing interests.