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Article History

Received: 2 October 2024

Accepted: 1 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Competing interests

: The institutions of all principal investigators received research support for the conduct of the current SEPSIS-SHIELD study. O.L. is an advisor to and owns stock options in Inflammatix, Inc. T.A. holds unrestricted research grants for clinical trial implementation from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, ZOLL Medical, Inflammatix, Cytovale, Abbott and AstraZeneca; received equipment support for unrestricted clinical trial implementation from ZOLL Medical and Moberg ICU Solutions; and received honoraria for consultanting from Medtronic. C.C. received honoraria for research consultation from Inflammatix and Vail Scientific. E.J.G.-B. has received honoraria from Abbott Products Operations, bioMérieux, Sobi and Thermo Fisher Brahms; independent educational grants from Abbott Products Operations, bioMérieux, Gentian, InCyte, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, UCB, PHC Europe BV and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (publ) (Sobi); and funding from the Horizon 2020 European grants ImmunoSep and RISCinCOVID and the Horizon Health grant EPIC-CROWN-2, Homi-LUNG and POINT (granted to the Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis or to the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens). L.M. received honoraria for speaking engagements from Inflammatix. T.O. received funding from Beckman Coulter and participated in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Measure Instrument Development and Support (MIDS) patient safety project: Sepsis Outcome Measure Technical Expert Panel. R.E.R. received remuneration for participation on advisory boards for Inflammatix, Cytovale, MeMed, Cepheid, Roche and Immunexpress. He served as site principal investigator for Johns Hopkins University with grant support for study activities for other Inflammatix-sponsored research and conducted sponsored research from Cytovale, MeMed, Beckman Coulter, Abbott and Immunexpress. R.E.R. also participated in national educational conferences with paid remuneration from Inflammatix and Cepheid. W.S. reports receiving payment from Inflammatix in 2019 for serving on a scientific advisory board. A.W. received consultation fees from Inflammatix. L.B, Y.H.B., N.D. and N.N.W. are employees and stock option holders of Inflammatix. C.L. and J.R.S. hold stock options in Inflammatix. P.K. is a co-founder of, a consultant to and a scientific advisor to Inflammatix. T.E.S. is a co-founder, employee and stock option holder of Inflammtix. N.S. received funding from Bluejay Diagnostics and Inflammatix and reports personal financial interest in Prenosis. S.A., E.D., M.F., S.H., R.H., J. K.G., E.L., S.M., E.M., E.P., H.S., J.S., P.V., M.W., D.M.W. and D.W.W. declare no conflicts of interest or relevant competing interests.