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Article History

Received: 6 December 2024

Accepted: 8 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Competing interests

: M.L.O.D. has received grant funding via Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Janssen, and has received consulting and/or IDMC fees from Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Verve, Novo Nordisk, New Amsterdam and Janssen. D.A.M. reports consulting fees from Abbott Laboratories, ARCA Biopharma, InCarda, Inflammatix, Merck & Co, Novartis, Regeneron and Roche Diagnostics. M.E.F. has research grants from Novo Nordisk and Novartis and serves on the data safety monitoring board for AstraZeneca. F.A.M. reports consulting fees from Janssen. D.K., A.C., A.L.V. and M.T. are employees of AstraZeneca and have stock options in AstraZeneca. R.G. is a former employee of MedImmune/Astrazeneca and a current employee of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals with stock ownership in AstraZeneca and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. J.S. reports research grant support from Biotronik, Sanofi, Pfizer and Attralus; received consulting fees from BMS, Sanofi and Attralus; and received speaker bureau fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Bayer, Sanofi, Biotronik, CircleCVi, Takeda, Amicus and BMS. E.K. reports receiving lecture fees from Astellas, Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly Japan KK, Daiichi-Sankyo, Menarini, Ono Pharmaceutical, Ootsuka Pharmaceutical, MSD KK, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Bayer and Pfizer; and reports consultant fees or research fund from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi-Sankyo, Abbott, Ono Pharmaceutical and Tanabe-Mitsubishi. A.Z. has received grant support from Novartis and consulting and/or lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Amarin, Pfizer, Sanofi, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. A.G. is a former full-time employee of AstraZeneca at the time of study execution, and current full-time employee and stockholder of Ribocure Pharmaceuticals. M.L.O.D., D.A.M., M.S.S., J.K., J.-G.P. and S.A.M. are members of the TIMI Study Group and have received research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis, Marea, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Saghmos Therapeutics and Verve Therapeutics and have received consulting fees Amgen, AMPEL BioSolutions, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Beren Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Fibrogen, Merck, Moderna, Novo Nordisk, Precision BioSciences and Silence Therapeutics. B.F. reports grant support from AstraZeneca/Medimmune, MedTrace, Ionis and NIH/NHLBI. J.L.-S. reports research grant from AstraZeneca, Bayer/Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and Amgen, and has received speaker honoraria from Menarini. A.A.D.P.F. reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Sharp Dohme and Mundipharma. M.T.L. has received research funding through the Massachusetts General Hospital from AstraZeneca, American Heart Association, Ionis, Johnson & Johnson Innovation, MedImmune, National Academy of Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions. J.A.C.L. reports grant funding from AstraZeneca and Canon Medical Systems. M.S.S. reports research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis, Marea, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Saghmos Therapeutics and Verve Therapeutics, and has received consulting fees from Amgen, AMPEL BioSolutions, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Beren Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Fibrogen, Merck, Moderna, Novo Nordisk, Precision BioSciences and Silence Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.