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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 8 September 2025

Competing interests

: J.E.R. receives research funding to his institution from Genentech/Roche, Verastem, Nuvalent, Arcus, Revolution Medicines, Regeneron, Amgen, DualityBio and AstraZeneca and serves in a consultant/advisory role for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Seagen, Gilead, Janssen, Novocure, Regeneron, Summit Therapeutics, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Natera, Merck, EMD Serono, Roche Diagnostics and OncoHost. C.H. serves in a consultant/advisory role for Belay Diagnostics and Johnson & Johnson. N.N. is an inventor on patent application 17/598,690 submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to genomic features of response to immunotherapy. M.S. is employed by and owns stock in Labcorp. J.S.D. receives research funding to the institution from Bristol Myers Squibb and is a consultant for NextPoint Therapeutics. J.T. has participated on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Regeneron, Elephas, Lunaphore, Roche and Moderna and has received research grants from Bristol Myers Squibb and Akoya Biosciences. T.R.C. reports research funding received by the institution from Janssen; receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer and TotalCME; and being named on a patent for a machine learning algorithm for immune-related pathologic response criteria. P.B.I. reports consulting/advisory board membership for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, Sanofi, AbbVie, Merus and Agilent. K.N.S. has received honoraria from Adaptive Biotechnologies and Illumina; has received research support from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca; holds several patents related to the MANAFEST technology and TCR discovery; and is a scientific founder of Clasp Therapeutics. D.M.P. holds equity in Aduro Biotech, DNAtrix, Ervaxx, Five Prime Therapeutics, Immunomic, Potenza and Trieza Therapeutics. D.M.P. is a member of scientific advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, Camden Nexus II, Five Prime Therapeutics and WindMIL. D.M.P. is a member of the board of directors for Dracen Pharmaceuticals. A.S.T. receives research funding to the institution from Ariad, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Millennium, Polaris, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Epizyme, Merck, Novartis and Seattle Genetics and receives consulting fees from Ariad, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Merck, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, EMD Serono, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Roche. J.R.B. receives research funding to Johns Hopkins University from AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb; serves in a consultant/advisory role for AstraZeneca, RAPT Therapeutics, Mestag, GlaxoSmithKline, Amgen, Sanofi Aventis, Summit Therapeutics, Genentech and Bayer; and is on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB) for Genmab. P.M.F. has received research funding (directly to the institution) from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Regeneron, Kyowa and BioNTech; has served in a consultant/advisory role for AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Amgen, Ascendis, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, ChromaCode, Daiichi Sankyo, F-Star, Genelux, Gilead, iTeos, Novartis, Novocure, Regeneron, Tavotek, Teva, Genentech, Sanofi, Surface, Janssen, G1 and Merck; and has served on DSMBs for Polaris and Flame. V.A. receives research funding to Johns Hopkins University from AstraZeneca and Personal Genome Diagnostics; has received research funding to Johns Hopkins University from Bristol Myers Squibb and Delfi Diagnostics in the past 5 years; is an advisory board member for AstraZeneca and NeoGenomics (compensated); and receives honoraria from Foundation Medicine, Guardant Health, Roche and Personal Genome Diagnostics. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. V.A. is an inventor on patent applications (63/276,525, 17/779,936, 16/312,152, 16/341,862, 17/047,006 and 17/598,690) submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cancer genomic analyses, ctDNA therapeutic response monitoring and immunogenomic features of response to immunotherapy that have been licensed to one or more entities. Under the terms of these license agreements, the university and inventors are entitled to fees and royalty distributions. The other authors declare no competing interests.