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Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Competing interests

: D.B.W. has received grant funding, participates in industry collaborations, has received speaking honoraria and has received fees for consulting, including serving on scientific review committees and board series. Remuneration received by D.B.W. includes direct payments and stock or stock options. D.B.W. also discloses the following paid associations with commercial partners: Geneos (advisory board), AstraZeneca (advisory board, speaker), Inovio (BOD, SRA, stock) and Sanofi (advisory board). J.A., D.A., P.F., L.H. and T.R.F.S. are employees of Inovio Pharmaceuticals; as such, they receive salary and benefits, including ownership of stock and stock options. P.E.L., J.R.F. and M.T.E. are employees of and hold or may hold stock in AstraZeneca. A.P., E.M.P., T.R.F.S, D.W.K. and D.B.W are listed as inventors on patent application no. WO2023064841A1 ‘Antibodies for use against SARS-COV2’, published 20 April 2023, filed by The Wistar Institute. This application includes the HC and LC plasmid sequences for pAZD8076 HC, pAZD8076 LC, pAZD5036 HC and pAZD5036 LC described in this manuscript. Plasmids are available upon request and completion of a material transfer agreement. The other authors declare no competing interests.