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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 15 August 2025

First Online: 6 October 2025

Competing interests

: I.B.M. has received consultancy and/or research income from AbbVie, Absci, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Causeway Therapeutics, Cabaletta, Compugen, Dextera, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Montai, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pfizer, Roche, Recludix, Sanofi and UCB; is a board member on the NHS GGC (nonexecutive role); holds trustee status at Versus Arthritis (nonexecutive role) and is a stockholder of Cabaletta, Causeway Therapeutics, Compugen and Dextera. L.C.C. has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Janssen and UCB; worked as a paid consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Enlivex, Janssen, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda and UCB and has been paid as a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. P.J.M. has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Acelyrin, Amgen, BMS, Century, Cullinan Biotech, Eli Lilly, Inmagene, Johnson & Johnson, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda and UCB; has received grants or contracts from AbbVie, Amgen, Acelyrin, BMS, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; payments or honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; has participated on a safety monitoring board at Genascence and holds a leadership or fiduciary role at GRAPPA, OMERACT and SpartAN. A.O. has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, CorEvitas, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Kopa/Twill Health, Novartis, Pfizer, Spyre, Takeda and UCB, and received grants/research support from AbbVie (to Penn), Amgen (to Forward/NDB), BMS (to Forward), Forward Databank, Janssen (to Penn), NIH/NIAMS, National Psoriasis Foundation, Novartis (to Penn), Pfizer (to Penn), Rheumatology Research Foundation and UCB (to Penn). A. Kavanaugh has received consultancy fees from BMS, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pfizer, Takeda and UCB. L.E. has received consultancy fees from BMS and received grants from and participated on advisory boards for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis and UCB. G.S. has received speaker bureau fees from Cabaletta, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Kyverna, Novartis and UCB. A. Kivitz has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Coval, Ecor1, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Grünenthal, GSK, Halia, Horizon, Innovaderm, Janssen, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pacira, Prometheus, Santa Ana Bio, Synact, Takeda–Nimbus, UCB, VYNE, XBiotech and Xencor; speaker and/or speaker bureau fees from AbbVie, GSK, Sanofi–Regeneron and UCB; has received advisory board fees from Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Takeda–Nimbus and UCB; has received scientific expert fees from Genzyme; educational fees from Prime and is a stockholder of Amgen, Gilead, GSK, Novartis and Pfizer. D.M. has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Merck, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pfizer, Novartis and Sobi; has received honoraria/consultancy fees from AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pfizer, Sobi and UCB and participated in speaker’s bureau for AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Pfizer, Sobi and UCB. N.B., A.G. and E.C. are employees of, and may be stockholders of, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG. K.R. has served as an advisor and/or paid speaker for and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, medac, Novartis, Ocean Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB, and is also an employee and stockholder of MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG. C.T.R. has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson and UCB; receiving payment or honoraria from Eli Lilly for lectures and received grant/research support from BMS, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis and UCB. J.F.M. has acted as a consultant and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics AG, Novartis, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Regeneron and UCB.