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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Competing interests

: M.K. has received speaker honoraria from the Federal Association of Pharmaceutical Cannabinoid Companies (BPC), Cannabis Social Club Bolzano, Cannamedical, Demecan, Grunenthal, Hormosan, Meet Your Master, Medical Service of the Health Insurance Funds, Novartis, Stadapharm and Tilray. He has received consultancy fees from Tetra Pharm and Vertanical. He has received expert opinion fees from several local and social courts. His institution has received research support from Friedrich and Alida Gehrke Foundation, German Pension Insurance Braunschweig-Hannover, Lower Saxony Ministry for Science and Culture and Vayamed. W.M. received payments for advisory boards and talks from Sanofi, MSD, Tafalgie, Kyowa, Mundipharma, Grünenthal and Ethypharm. His institution received research support from the European Commission, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuß (GBA), Medtronic, Pfizer, Mundipharma, Grünenthal and Vertanical. W.H. has received consulting fees/honoraria from VIDAL, Biotechnology Value Fund, GH Research, Global Life Science, Science Direct, UCB and University of Duisburg (Germany) and support for travel to meetings from Bioevents and the European Pain Federation. S.S. has received payments for speaker honoraria, advisory boards and consensus from Grünenthal Austria, Medtronic, Ratiopharm Austria and Novartis Austria. J.K. has received speaker honoraria from Aurora, Esteve, Experten Schulungsakademie, Grünenthal, Hexal, Lilly and Teva. His institution has received research support from Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Dres. Majic/Majic-Schlez-Foundation, GBA and Landesbank Baden-Württemberg-Foundation. V.S. is employed by Metronomia, which was contracted to perform data collation and statistical analysis.