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Authors
Tie, Jeanne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9244-2057
Wang, Yuxuan
Loree, Jonathan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-2132
Cohen, Joshua D.
Wong, Rachel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-5689
Price, Timothy
Tebbutt, Niall C.
Gebski, Val
Espinoza, David
Burge, Matthew
Harris, Sam
Lynam, James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-820X
Lee, Belinda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-9834
Lee, Margaret M.
Breadner, Daniel
Debrincat, Marlyse
Foroughi, Siavash https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8424
Chantrill, Lorraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5790-0208
Lim, Stephanie H.
Gill, Sharlene https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-3617
O’Callaghan, Chris
Ptak, Janine
Silliman, Natalie
Dobbyn, Lisa
Popoli, Maria
Bettegowda, Chetan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9991-7123
Papadopoulos, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-7451
Kinzler, Kenneth W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5591-1176
Vogelstein, Bert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-3854
Gibbs, Peter
,
,
McLachlan, Sue-Anne
Singh, Madhu
Hayes, Theresa
Lundy, Joanne
Wong, Zee Wan
Chong, Geoff
Saqib, Ayesha
Steel, Simone
Aghmesheh, Morteza
Begbie, Stephen
Roohullah, Aflah
Beale, Philip
Ng, Weng
Diakos, Connie
Srivastav, Ratnesh
Rai, Sunil
Wong, Matt
Karikios, Deme
Barnett, Megan
Lum, Caroline
Underhill, Craig
Poursoltan, Pirooz
Karki, Bhaskar
Karapetis, Chris
Price, Tim
Khattak, Adnan
Wuttke, Melanie
Karanth, Narayan
Jeffery, Mark
,
Yelamanchili, Radhika
Batra, Anupam
Roitman, Daryl
Gotfrit, Joanna
Mussawar, Iqbal
Kassam, Shaqil
Goffin, John
Rask, Sara
Hubay, Stacey
Chen, Eric
Samimi, Setareh
Martel, Samuel
Zurawska, Urszula
Wong, Ralph
Sideris, Lucas
Tang, Patricia
McGhie, John
Arif, Saroosh
Ahmed, Shahid
Michael, James
Shim, Katharine
Babak, Sam
Armstrong, Dawn
Burkes, Ron
Kavan, Petr
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1194970)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (178140)
Eastern Health Foundation
Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (707213, 707213)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (CA62924, CA009071, GM136577 and CA06973)
Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research
Lustgarten Foundation
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Billi and Bernie Marcus Foundation
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 20 October 2025
Competing interests
: J.T. has served as an advisor/consultant for Haystack Oncology, Amgen, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, BeiGene, Pierre Fabre, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Roche, Takeda and Daiichi-Sankyo and reports funding to their institution from Pfizer, Roche, Grail, Pierre Fabre, Daiichi-Sankyo, Zentalis, AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline. Y.W. is a consultant to Belay Diagnostics and Haystack Oncology. J.L. consults for Taiho, Ipsen, Pfizer, Amgen, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis and received research funding from Ipsen, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Foundation Medicine, Bayer, Personalis Inc., Guardant and Agenus. B.V. and K.W.K. are founders of Exact Sciences. K.W.K. and N.P. are advisors to, and hold equity in, Exact Sciences. B.V., K.W.K. and N.P. are founders of, and hold equity in, Clasp Therapeutics and Haystack Oncology, a Quest Diagnostics company. K.W.K., B.V. and N.P. are consultants to, and hold equity in, CAGE Pharma. B.V. is a consultant to, and holds equity in, Catalio Capital Management. C.B. is a consultant to Depuy-Synthes, Bionaut Labs, Haystack Oncology and Galectin Therapeutics. C.B. is also a co-founder of OrisDx and a co-founder of Belay Diagnostics. M.P. is a consultant to Haystack Oncology. L.D. is an employee of Haystack Oncology. The companies named above, as well as other companies, have licensed previously described technologies related to the work described in this paper from Johns Hopkins University. B.V., K.W.K., N.P. and C.B. are inventors on some of these technologies. Licenses to these technologies are or will be associated with equity or royalty payments to the inventors as well as to Johns Hopkins University. Patent applications on the work described in this paper may be filed by Johns Hopkins University. The terms of all these arrangements are being managed by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. D.B. has received honoraria for consultancies from AstraZeneca, Janssen, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Guardant Health and Amgen and speaking fees from Merck, AstraZeneca and Roche. P.G. is a consultant to Haystack Oncology. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
