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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 26 September 2025

First Online: 18 October 2025

Competing interests

: G.V.L. discloses consulting fees from Agenus Inc., AstraZeneca, Bayer HealthCare, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion A/S, Fortiva Biologics (USA), GI Innovation, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics, IO Biotech, Immunocore Ireland Limited, Innovent Biologics USA Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited, Novartis, PHMR Limited, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Scancell, SkylineDX and Strand Therapeutics Inc. and honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and Pierre Fabre. C.G.-B., S.D., J.X.Y., A.F., B.W., P.D., A.C., M.S., B.C. and A.M.Y.C. are employees of and hold stock in Bristol Myers Squibb. P.A.A. discloses grants or contracts from Bristol Myers Squibb, Medicenna Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron and Roche-Genentech; consulting fees from BioAI Health, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, ITALFARMACO, Medicenna Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Philogen, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Replimune, Roche-Genentech, Sanofi, Sun Pharma and ValoTx; support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Philogen, Pierre Fabre and Replimune; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Anaveon, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, Erasca, Genmab, ImCheck Therapeutics, Menarini Group, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nouscom, Novartis, Regeneron and Roche-Genentech. J.G. discloses honoraria from Bayer HealthCare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, OrienGene, Pfizer, Roche, Shanghai Junshi Bioscience and Simcere. A.A.T. discloses grants or contracts with their institution from Acrotech, Agenus Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Merck, Moderna, OncoResponse, OncoSec, Regeneron, Roche-Genentech, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, Scholar Rock and Werewolf Therapeutics Inc. and consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, ConcertAI, Merck, Moderna, OncoSec, Regeneron and Sanofi Genzyme. S.C. discloses participation on an Advisory Board for Alkermes, Bristol Myers Squibb, CelltrionUSA, Immunocore, Merck, Moderna, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron and Sun Pharma. E.M.-C. discloses consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, PharmaMar, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Replimune, Roche and Sanofi; honoraria from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron; and meeting attendance and/or travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre. M.D.V. discloses consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunocore, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunocore, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron; meeting attendance and/or travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre; and participation on an Advisory board for Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Sharp & Dohme. A.C.d.M. discloses grants or contracts with their institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Regeneron and Roche; honoraria from AbbVie, Adium Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Pfizer; meeting attendance and/or travel support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo and Merck Sharp & Dohme; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and Roche. M.C. has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, InCyte, Moderna, ImmunoCore and AstraZeneca; receives institutional support from Bristol Myers Squibb; and has a family member who is employed by Merus. H.G. discloses grants or contracts from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer; honoraria from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb and Pierre Fabre; support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Regeneron. R.D. discloses a consulting or advisory role with Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Catalym, Merck Sharp & Dohme, MaxiVAX SA, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Second Genome, Simcere, Sun Pharma, T3 Pharma and Takeda and a senior medical advisor role with Oncobit. D.S. discloses consulting fees from 4SC, AstraZeneca, BioAlta, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Erasca, Fomycon, Immatics, Immunocore, InFlarX, IO Biotech, IoVance, Ipsen, Labcorp, Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Neracare, Novartis, Pfizer, Philogen, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Replimune, Sanofi, Seagen, SkylineDx and Sun Pharma; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, InFlarX, Regeneron and Sun Pharma; travel support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi, Pierre Fabre and Regeneron; participation in a Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory Board with 4SC, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Immatics, Immunocore, InFlarX, IoVance, Labcorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Neracare, Novartis, Pfizer, Philogen, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Replimune, Sanofi, SkylineDx and Sun Pharma; unpaid leadership role with Dermatologic Cooperative Group, EuMelaREg, NVKH and Deutsche Hautkrebsstiftung/Hiege-Stiftung; and grants to his institution from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novartis. P.K. discloses consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre; payment for expert testimony from Merck Sharp & Dohme; meeting attendance and/or travel support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pierre Fabre; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Sharp & Dohme. G.Q. discloses consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Incyte, Checkpoint Therapeutics and Regeneron. I.T. discloses grants or contracts with their institution from 4SC, Amgen, ARGN-X, AstraZeneca, Biotech, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, CerpassRx, CureVac, Genentech, HUYA, Incyte, Idera, Iovance, InflaRx, Kartos Therapeutics, LEO Pharma, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Philogen, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Replimune, Roche, Sanofi and UCB; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and Pierre Fabre; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Bristol Myers Squibb and Pierre Fabre. H.A.T. discloses grants or contracts from Dragonfly Therapeutics, Eisai, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Regeneron and Syntrix and consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Corcept Therapeutics, Eisai, Immunocore, IO Biotech, Iovance, Krystal Biotech, Medicenna Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, Regeneron, Pfizer, Strand Therapeutics and T-Knife Therapeutics.