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Authors
Vaduganathan, Muthiah
Claggett, Brian L.
Chatur, Safia
Desai, Akshay S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1443-0701
Jhund, Pardeep S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-5317
Vardeny, Orly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-1351
Merkely, Bela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-0723
Martinez, Felipe
Comin-Colet, Josep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-720X
Kerr Saraiva, Jose F.
Shah, Sanjiv J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-8201
Lam, Carolyn S. P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1903-0018
Zannad, Faiez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-1570
Docherty, Kieran F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-9969
McMurray, John J. V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6317-3975
Solomon, Scott D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-9597
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Competing interests
: M.V. has received research grant support, served on advisory boards or had speaker engagements with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Esperion, Fresenius Medical Care, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Milestone Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Recordati, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Tricog Health, and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galmed, Impulse Dynamics, Novartis, Occlutech and Pharmacosmos. B.L.C. has received personal consulting fees from Alnylam, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, CVRx, Eli Lilly, Intellia and Rocket and has served on a DSMB for Novo Nordisk. S.C. is supported by the Canadian Child’s Scholarship from the Libin Institute of Alberta/Cumming School of Medicine. A.S.D. has received institutional research grants (to Brigham and Women’s Hospital) from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis and Pfizer as well as personal consulting fees from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Medpace, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Parexel, Porter Health, Regeneron, River2Renal, Roche, Veristat, Verily and Zydus. P.S.J. reports speakers’ fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications and Sun Pharmaceuticals; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca,Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Analog Devices Inc and Roche Diagnostics. P.S.J.’s employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis and Novo Nordisk. P.S.J. is also Director of GCTP Ltd. O.V. has received grants from AstraZeneca and Cardior, and institutional research support from Bayer and Cardurion. B.M. has received advisory board fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Duke Clinical Institute, Medtronic and Novartis. B.M.’s institution has received fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Duke Clinical Institute, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novartis, Terumo and Vifor Pharma. F.M. has received consultation fees and research grants from AstraZeneca, Baliarda, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gador, Milestone, Novartis, Pfizer and St Lukes University. J.C.-C. has received grants from Novartis, Vifor Pharma, AstraZeneca and Orion Pharma and has received personal fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Vifor Pharma, Novartis, AstraZeneca and Orion Pharma. J.F.K.S. has served on advisory boards for and received consulting fees and honoraria from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hypera, Medtronic, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Viatris. S.J.S. has received research grants from NIH (U54 HL160273, X01 HL169712, R01 HL140731 and R01 HL149423), AHA (24SFRNPCN1291224), AstraZeneca, Corvia, and Pfizer and consulting fees from Abbott, Alleviant, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Aria CV, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eidos, Imara, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia, Ionis, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk,Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Rivus, Sardocor, Shifamed, Tenax, Tenaya and Ultromics. C.S.P.L. has received research support from Novo Nordisk and Roche Diagnostics; has received consulting fees from Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biopeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, CardioRenal, CPC Clinical Research, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento Inc, Quidel Corporation, Radcliffe Group Ltd., Recardio Inc, ReCor Medical, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics and Us2.ai; and is a co-founder and non-executive director of Us2.ai. F.Z. reports personal fees from 89Bio, Abbott, Acceleron, Applied Therapeutics, Bayer, Betagenon, Boehringer, BMS, CVRx, Cambrian, Cardior, Cereno pharmaceutical, Cellprothera, CEVA, Inventiva, KBP, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Owkin, Otsuka, Roche Diagnostics, Northsea and Us2.ai, having stock options at G3Pharmaceutical and equities at Cereno, Cardiorenal and Eshmoun Clinical research and being the founder of Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists. K.F.D. reports that his employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated by AstraZeneca for his work on clinical trials, and he has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmacosomos and Translational Medicine Academy; has served on advisory boards or performed consultancy for FIRE-1, Us2.ai and Bayer AG; holds stock in Us2.ai; has served on a Clinical Endpoint Committee for Bayer AG; and has received research grant support (paid to his institution) from AstraZeneca, Roche, Novartis and Boehringer Ingelheim. J.J.V.M. reports payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting and grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GSK and Novartis; personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals,Amgen, AnaCardio, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Cures, BMS, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, IonisPharmaceuticals, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, River 2 Renal Corp., British Heart Foundation, National Institute for Health – National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH-NHLBI), Boehringer Ingelheim, SQ Innovations and Catalyze Group; and personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica Health, Intas Pharmaceuticals, J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Medscape/Heart.Org., ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharmaceuticals, The Corpus, Translation Research Group and Translational Medicine Academy. He serves on a DSMB for WIRB-CopernicusGroup Clinical Inc, and he is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd. S.D.S. has received research grants from Alexion, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, BMS, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Edgewise, Eidos, Gossamer, GSK, Ionis, Lilly, MyoKardia, NIH/NHLBI, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos and Us2.ai and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alexion, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Janssen, CardiacDimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, Sarepta, Lexicon, Anacardio, Akros and Valo.
