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Lv, Fangfang
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Leerapun, Apinya
Kim, Dong Joon
Tangkijvanich, Pisit
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Weltman, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1677-7653
Khemnark, Suparat
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Lee, Jooho
Niu, Junqi
Kumar, Rahul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-4821
Kumar, Rajneesh
Zhu, Chong
Cao, Ke https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3208-6850
Tian, Alex
Chen, Xiaofei
Zhu, Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-5157
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Jia, Jidong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-8890
Hong, Zhi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0336-4753
Article History
Received: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Competing interests
: G.L.-H.W is receiving a research grant from Gilead Sciences and is an advisory committee member of AstraZeneca, Barinthus Biotherapeutics, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen and Virion, as well as speaker of Abbott, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Echosens, Ferring, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen and Roche. M.-F.Y is advisor/consultant for and/or having received grant support from Aligos Therapeutics, Arbutus Biopharma, Argo Biopharma, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Assembly Biosciences, Ausperbio Therapeutics, Brii Bioscience, Barthinus Biotherapeutics, Clear B Therapeutics, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Fujirebio Incorporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Precision BioSciences, Primmune Therapeutics, Immunocore, Janssen, Roche, Silverback Therapeutics, Sysmex Corporation, Tune Therapeutics and Vir Biotechnology. M.W.D. received grants from Gilead Sciences, is advisor for Gilead Sciences and GlaxoSmithKline and is speaker of GlaxoSmithKline and Roche. Y.-S.L. receives grant and payment of consulting and expert testimony from Gilead Sciences, is a speaker of Gilead Sciences and is a DSMB and/or advisory board member of Gilead Sciences and Vaccitech. T.P. is receiving grant/research from Roche Diagnostic, Janssen, VIR, GSK and Sysmex and is an advisory board member of Aligos and speaker of Roche, VIATRIS, EISAI, AstraZeneca and Sysmex. J.H. received grant support from Gilead and Roche, is a consultant of Roche and BMS and is a speaker of AbbVie Korea, Roche, Yuhan Korea, Oncolys and Gilead and a steering committee member of AstraZeneca. C.Z., K.C., A.T., Xiaofei Chen, Q.Z., D.M. and Z.H. are employees and hold stock and options in Brii Biosciences. All other authors declare no competing interests.