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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Competing interests

: H.J.L.H. has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Alexion, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biocity Biopharmaceutics, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche and Travere Therapeutics and has received grant support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen and Novo Nordisk. W.H.C. reports funding from the National Kidney Foundation to his institute for his graduate research assistantship. G.B.A. reports funding for research studies through Columbia University, Calliditas, Travere Therapeutics, Novartis, Equillium, Roche, Sanofi, Reata, Apellis, Nephronet, Goldfinch and Vertex; consultancy for Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche/Genentech, Apellis, Novartis, Travere Therapeutics, Calliditas, GlaxoSmithKline and Aurinia; and speaker for GlaxoSmithKline and Aurinia, both on lupus nephritis. J.F. reports lecture and consulting honoraria from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Calliditas, Fresenius, Novartis, Omeros, Travere Therapeutics and Vifor and membership on the data safety monitoring board in trials for Novo Nordisk A/S and Visterra. E.I. received research funding and honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Tanabe Mitsubishi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin and Novo Nordisk A/S. J.B.L. is a consultant for CSL Behring and BioVie. P.K.T.L. received speaker honoraria from FibroGen, AstraZeneca and Baxter. B.D.M. is the National Leader in the ASCEND-D and ASCEND-ND trials of GlaxoSmithKline and the PROTECT and DUPLEX trials of Travere Therapeutics as well as a steering committee member in the Novartis APPLAUSE trial and the Vera Therapeutics ATACICEPT trial. B.L.N. has received fees for travel support, advisory boards, scientific presentations and steering committee roles from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cambridge Healthcare Research, Cornerstone Medical Education, the Limbic, Janssen, Medscape, Novo Nordisk and Travere Therapeutics, with all honoraria paid to The George Institute for Global Health. R.D.P. has been on steering committees for AbbVie* and Vertex*; has consulted for Otsuka*, Retex*, Estuary, SouffleTx, Sanofi-Genzyme, Regenephro and Regulus*; and is the section editor for cystic kidney disease for UpToDate (*paid to Tufts Medical Center). F.P.S. reports funding from the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian Ministry of University and Research. C.W. reports lecture and consulting honoraria from Alexion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and VeraTX. T.G. reports funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Patient Center Outcome Research Institute, the National Kidney Foundation and the Collaborative Study Group. L.A.I. reports funding to Tufts Medical Center from the National Institutes of Health, the National Kidney Foundation, Chinook, R3R, Otsuka, Alexion and Novartis; consulting agreements to Tufts Medical Center from Alexion and AstraZeneca; and consulting agreements from Dimerix. The other authors declare no competing interests.