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Article History

Received: 19 April 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Competing interests

: C.A.C.S. reports speaker honoraria fees from Ipsen, AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers-Squibb. L.A. received advisory, consulting or honoraria fees (all paid to their institution) from AMGEN, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Daiichi, EISAI, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Telix and Xencor. L.A. also received travel and accommodations expenses from Bristol-Myers Squibb, IPSEN, MSD and Pfizer. T.K.C. reports institutional and/or personal, paid and/or unpaid support for research, advisory boards, consultancy and/or honoraria in the past 5 years, ongoing or not, from Alkermes, Arcus Bio, AstraZeneca, Aravive, Aveo, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bicycle Therapeutics, Calithera, Caris, Circle Pharma, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, EMD Serono, Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, HiberCell, IQVA, Infinity, Institut Servier, Ipsen, Jansen, Kanaph, Lilly, Merck, Nikang, Neomorph, Nuscan/PrecedeBio, Novartis, Oncohost, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi/Aventis, Scholar Rock, Surface Oncology, Takeda, Tempest, Up-To-Date, CME and non-CME events (Mashup Media Peerview, OncLive, MJH, CCO and others), and Xencor, outside the submitted work. Institutional patents have been filed on molecular alterations and immunotherapy response/toxicity, rare genitourinary cancers and ctDNA/liquid biopsies. Equity holdings include Tempest, Pionyr, Osel, PrecedeBio, CureResponse, InnDura Therapeutics, Primium, Abalytics and Faron Pharma. Committee involvement includes NCCN, GU Steering Committee, ASCO (BOD 6/2024-), ESMO, ACCRU and KidneyCan. Medical writing and editorial assistance support may have been funded by communications companies in part. T.K.C. has no speaker’s bureau activities. T.K.C. has mentored several non-US citizens on research projects with potential funding (in part) from non-US sources/Foreign Components. The institution (Dana–Farber Cancer Institute) may have received additional independent funding from drug companies or/and royalties potentially involved in research around the subject matter. T.K.C. is supported in part by the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Kidney SPORE (2P50CA101942-16) and Program 5P30CA006516-56, the Kohlberg Chair at Harvard Medical School and the Trust Family, Michael Brigham, Pan Mass Challenge, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Fund and Loker Pinard Funds for Kidney Cancer Research at DFCI. A.T.V. has received payment to their institution linked to the SURF clinical trial from Pfizer; has received a research grant for their institution from Pfizer, Bayer and Ipsen; has received consulting fees, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche, MSD, JNJ, BMS, Astellas, Ipsen, Astrazeneca and Novartis; has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for DSMB (BIONIKK trial); has been a BMS employee since 2023 and has BMS stocks; and is a member of the steering committee of the French GETUG academic group. E.S. received research funding from Roche/Genentech and Oncohost. R.F. reports research funding from Bayer and honoraria fees from Astellas, Bayer, Johnson and Johnson, Ipsen, Eisai, Pfizer, MSD and Merck Serono. W.X. reports consulting or advisory roles with PCCTC. C.S. reports speaker honoraria and advisory board fees from Eisai. The other authors declare no competing interests.