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Authors
Conti, Aldo Alberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-9431
Bozhilova, Natali
Eraydin, Irem Ece https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-1719
Stringer, Dominic https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-1733
Johansson, Lena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-1134
Marhenke, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-8661
Bilbow, Andrea
El Masri, Sahid https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6259-2079
Hyde, Joshua
Giaroli, Giovanni
Liang, Holan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6650-9449
Fiori, Federico
Mehta, Mitul Ashok https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-5323
Santosh, Paramala https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-5893
Carter, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-8865
Cortese, Samuele https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-8075
Rubia, Katya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-7701
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
DH | NIHR | Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (NIHR130077)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Competing interests
: S.C. has received reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses from the Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH) in relation to lectures delivered for ACAMH, the Canadian AADHD Alliance Resource, the British Association of Psychopharmacology, Healthcare Convention and CCM Group team for educational activity on ADHD and has received honoraria from Medice. M.A.M. has received research funding from Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson, Lundbeck, Boehringer Ingelheim and Nxera. He also acted as a consultant for Neurocrine, Lundbeck, Boehringer Ingelheim and Nxera. G.G. has received speaker honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceuticals. P.S. reports research funding from the British Heart Foundation, Reverse Rett, Newron Pharmaceuticals, HealthTracker and Anavex Life Sciences Corporation; consulting fees from Anavex Life Sciences Corporation; honoraria and reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses from the Egyptian Psychiatry Association, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Neurogene, Inc.; and stocks from HealthTracker, Ltd. F.F. is a shareholder and the Chief Technical Officer of HealthTracker, Ltd. B.C. has received funding from LifeARC and Mundipharma. K.R., D.S., A.A.C., N.B., I.E.E., R.M., A.B., S.E.M., J.H., H.L. and L.J. have no financial interests to declare.
