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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Competing interests

: L.M.-G. has received speaker and/or consultancy fees from Esteve and Quanterix. J.S. has received speaker honoraria from Roche Diagnostics. C.B. has received consulting fees from Acadia pharmaceutical company, AARP, Addex pharmaceutical company, Eli Lily, Enterin pharmaceutical company, GWPharm, H.Lundbeck pharmaceutical company, Novartis pharmaceutical company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk pharmaceutical company, Orion Corp. pharmaceutical company, Otsuka America Pharm Inc., Sunovion Pharm. Inc., Suven pharmaceutical company, Roche pharmaceutical company, Biogen pharmaceutical company, Synexus clinical research organization and tauX pharmaceutical company, and research funding from Synexus clinical research organization, Roche pharmaceutical company, Novo Nordisk pharmaceutical company and Novartis pharmaceutical company. D. Alcolea participated in advisory boards from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Grifols S.A. and Lilly, and received speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Zambon S.A.U., Neuraxpharm, Alter Medica, Lilly and Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A. D.A. and A.L. declare a filed patent application (WO2019175379 A1 markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease). A.L. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Almirall, Beckman-Coulter, Fujirebio-Europe, Roche, Biogen, Grifols, Novartis, Eisai, Lilly, and Nutricia. M.C.I. reported receiving personal fees for service on the advisory boards, speaker honoraria or educational activities from Esteve, Lilly, Adium Pharma, Neuraxpharm and Roche. E.S. has acquired research support (for the institution) from C2N Diagnostics, Fujirebio, GE Healthcare and Roche Diagnostics. S.P. has acquired research support (for the institution) from Avid and ki elements through ADDF. In the past 2 years, he has received consultancy and/or speaker fees from BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Eli-Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Roche. S.K. has served at scientific advisory boards, speaker and/or as consultant for Roche, Eli-Lilly, Geras Solutions, Optoceutics, Biogen, Eisai, Merry Life, Triolab, Novo Nordisk and BioArctic, unrelated to present study content. A.C. has received consultancy funding from Novartis, Addex, Acadia, Suven and J&J pharmaceutical companies and grant funding from Novo Nordisk, ReMYND and TheriniBio pharmaceutical companies. J.F. reported serving on the advisory boards, adjudication committees, or speaker honoraria from AC Immune, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novo Nordisk, Perha, Roche, Zambón, Spanish Neurological Society, T21 Research Society, Lumind foundation, Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, Alzheimer’s Association, National Institutes of Health USA, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III. J.F. reports holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx, EPI8382175.0). No other competing interests were reported. A.H.S. has received a one-time consulting fee, paid to the institution from Eisai–BioArctic (2025). K.B. has served as a consultant and at advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZpath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics and Wave; has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche and WebMD; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). N.J.A. has received consultancy and/or speaker fees from Alamar Biosciences, BioArctic, Biogen, Eli-Lilly, Neurogen Biomarking, Roche, Spear Bio, Quanterix and Vigil Neurosciences. The other authors declare no competing interests.