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Authors
Krüger, Nils https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3190-0462
Schneeweiss, Sebastian
Desai, Rishi J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-7273
Sreedhara, Sushama Kattinakere https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-304X
Kehoe, Anna R.
Fuse, Kenshiro
Hahn, Georg
Schunkert, Heribert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-3001
Wang, Shirley V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-7090
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Herzstiftung (S/02/24)
Deutsche Herzstiftung (SRF-HF/24)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01-HL141505)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01-AR080194)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01-HL141505)
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 9 November 2025
Competing interests
: S.S. reports personal fees from Aetion Inc., a software-enabled analytics company, and grants from Bayer, UCB and Boehringer Ingelheim to Brigham and Women’s Hospital outside the submitted work. H.S. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital GmbH, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Novartis, Pharmacosmos, Sanofi, Servier, Synlab, Amgen and Amarin outside the submitted work. S.V.W. reports personal fees from MITRE, a federally funded research and development center for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and personal fees from Cytel Inc. during the conduct of the study. The other authors declare no competing interests.
