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Authors
Kapulu, Melissa C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-7128
Orenge, Francesca
Kimani, Domtila
Kibwana, Elizabeth
Kibet, Hillary
Mutahi, Mary
Datoo, Mehreen S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4968-2842
Bellamy, Duncan
Musembi, Janet
Ngoto, Omar
Rashid, Hamisi
Akinyi, Stellamaris
Mwatasa, Mwaganyuma H.
Nyamako, Lydia
Keter, Kelvias
Gatheru, Rose
Mutiso, Agnes
Musyoki, Jennifer
Mwacharo, Jedidah
Abebe, Yonas
James, Eric R.
Billingsley, Peter F.
Ngetsa, Caroline
Mosobo, Moses
Makale, Johnstone
Tawa, Brian
Wamae, Kevin
Ochola-Oyier, Lynette I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0470
Lawrie, Alison
Ramos-Lopez, Fernando https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9997-7879
Roberts, Rachel
Richie, Thomas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-5456
Sim, B. Kim Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-8905
Hoffman, Stephen L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-9505
Ewer, Katie J.
Hill, Adrian V. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-9629
Hamaluba, Mainga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-1414
Bejon, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-7549
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (203077)
Wellcome Trust (203077)
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016V-1649-MMVC)
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016V-1649-MMVC)
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Competing interests
: A.V.S.H. and K.J.E. are named as co-inventors on patent applications related to R21/MM. K.J.E. was an employee of the University of Oxford at the time of the work and is now an employee of GSK and owns restricted shares in GSK. A.V.S.H. is a co-inventor of the R21/MM vaccine and chief investigator of the published phase III trial, and may derive some royalties from vaccine sales in keeping with the University of Oxford’s royalty sharing arrangements. Y.A., E.R.J., P.F.B., T.L.R., B.K.L.S and S.L.H. are salaried, full-time employees of Sanaria, the manufacturer of Sanaria PfSPZ Challenge. The other authors declare no competing interests.
