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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Competing interests

: J.R.P.T. reports consulting, grant/research support and/or honoraria (including speakers bureau, symposia and expert witness) from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, IGM Biosciences, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB; and consulting from SetPoint Medical. E.J.B. reports grant/research support from SetPoint Medical. J.P.J. reports consultancy and grant/research support from Janssen and SetPoint Medical. P.B.W. reports consulting, advisory roles, speaker honoraria and/or grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis and UCB. G.J.V. reports advisory, consultancy, grant/research support and/or speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Alexion, Amgen, Artiva Biotherapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor, Eli Lilly, Esaote, Exagen, Genentech, Gilead, Global Healthy Living Foundation, Horizon, Image Analysis Group, Janssen, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Pharmacia, Radius, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda, Theramex, UCB and Vividion Therapeutics. N.B.G. reports research funding from AbbVie, Acelyrn, Alumis, Amgen, Aqtual, Artiva, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Horizon, IGM Biosciences, Moonlake, Novartis, Sanofi, SetPoint Medical, Takeda and UCB; is an officer/board member of AB Solutions; and an advisor/review panel member for Inmedix. G.K.W.L. reports advisory roles, consultancy, speaker honoraria and/or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Pfizer, SetPoint Medical and UCB. L.A.P. reports research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Horizon, Janssen, SetPoint Medical and UCB. D.J.R. reports research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson and UCB. M.K. reports research funding from Janssen, Novartis and SetPoint Medical; membership on advisory boards for Janssen and Novartis; and royalties from Springer Publications. J.R.P. reports consulting, advisory roles, research funding, intellectual property/patents and/or speaker honoraria from Amgen, Arthrosi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, SOBI and UCB. T.S. reports consulting, research funding and/or stock options from AbbVie, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Takeda and UCB. V.V. reports research funding from AstraZeneca, Scipher Medicine and SetPoint Medical. Y.A.L. and D.C. are employees of and hold equity/stock options and intellectual property/patents in SetPoint Medical. M.L.E. and A.A.D. are employees of and hold equity/stock options in SetPoint Medical. J.R.C. reports consulting and/or research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, Bendcare, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corrona, Crescendo, Eli Lilly, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Moderna, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi and UCB; and is an officer/board member of FASTER. R.M.R. reports consulting and/or research funding from Neuropace, Medtronic, Inbrain and SetPoint Medical. The other authors declare no competing interests.