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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Competing interests

: K.S.M. received funding of grants from Parkinson’s Foundation for acting as a Steering Committee Member, receives funding of grants from NIH, MJFF, CHDI, HSG, HDSA, Prilenia, Novartis, Roche and Springer, and receives consulting fees from Novartis and funding for leadership on the Enroll HD Oversight Committee (CHDI) and HSG Steering Committee. S.J.T. received research grant funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 223082/Z/21/Z), and the UK Dementia Research Institute that receives its funding from DRI Ltd, funded by the UK MRC, Alzheimer’s Society and Alzheimer’s Research UK, and from the CHDI Foundation and the UK Medical Research Council. Through the offices of UCL Consultants Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of University College London, S.J.T. has undertaken consultancy services for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Annexon, Ascidian Therapeutics, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Atalanta Therapeutics, Design Therapeutics, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Iris Medicine, Latus Bio, Life Edit, Novartis Pharma, Pfizer, Prilenia Neurotherapeutics, PTC Therapeutics, Rgenta Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, UniQure Biopharma and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. In the past 12 months, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Professor Tabrizi’s host clinical institution, received funding to run clinical trials for F. Hoffman-La Roche, Novartis Pharma, PTC Therapeutics and UniQure Biopharma. G.B.L. has provided consulting services, advisory board functions, clinical trial services and/or lectures for Acadia Pharmaceuticals, AFFiRiS, Allergan, Alnylam, Amarin, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, CHDI Foundation, Deutsche Huntington-Hilfe, Desitin, Genentech, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ipsen, ISIS Pharma (IONIS), Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medesis, Medivation, Medtronic, NeuraMetrix, Neurosearch Inc., Novartis, Pfizer, Prana Biotechnology, Prilenia, PTC Therapeutics, Raptor, Remix Therapeutics, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Roche Pharma AG Deutschland, Sage Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis, Sangamo/Shire, Siena Biotech, Takeda, Temmler Pharma GmbH, Teva, Triplet Therapeutics, Trophos, UniQure and Wave Life Sciences. B.L. was a member of the scientific advisory board and Steering Committee for the VIBRANT-HD study. He reports paid scientific consultancies with Alnylam, GLG, Teva, Roche/Genentech, Takeda, Triplet, Ionis, Novartis, Spark, Sintetica, Life Edit, Design, Remix Therapeutics, 3 RD Rock and PTC Therapeutics and sRNAlytics (now GateHouse Bio). Dr Leavitt’s Laboratory has obtained research grants from CIHR, HSC, NMIN, CHDI, Teva, ProMIS and uniQure. He is a co-founder and the current CEO of Incisive Genetics Inc. B.B., H.R., A.C., T.F., T.P., Y.S., F.L., M.M., O.J.D., M.L. and A.K. are employees and shareholders of Novartis. A.H. was an employee of Novartis at the time of the study and is now retired.