Jiménez-Gracia, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9648-9247
Maspero, Davide
Aguilar-Fernández, Sergio
Craighero, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-6979
Boulougouri, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5969-3292
Ruiz, Max
Marchese, Domenica
Caratù, Ginevra
Liñares-Blanco, Jose
Berasategi, Miren
Ramirez Flores, Ricardo O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0087-371X
Sanzo-Machuca, Angela
Corraliza, Ana M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-7763
Tran, Hoang A.
Normand, Rachelly
Nestor, Jacquelyn
Hong, Yourae
Kole, Tessa
van der Velde, Petra
Alleblas, Frederique
Pedretti, Flaminia
Aterido, Adrià
Banchero, Martin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8398-4614
Soriano, German
Román, Eva
van den Berge, Maarten
Salas, Azucena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-2907
Carrascosa, Jose Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-0771
Fernández Nebro, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-9844
Domènech, Eugeni
Cañete, Juan D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-0573
Tornero, Jesús
Gisbert, Javier P.
Choy, Ernest
Girolomoni, Giampiero
Siegmund, Britta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-958X
Julià, Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-3620
Serra, Violeta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-1065
Elosua, Roberto
Tejpar, Sabine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-8643
Vidal, Silvia
Nawijn, Martijn C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-6521
Gut, Ivo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7219-632X
Saez-Rodriguez, Julio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8552-8976
Marsal, Sara
Villani, Alexandra-Chloé https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-0408
Nieto, Juan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-1488
Heyn, Holger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-1889
Article History
Received: 2 February 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Change Date: 26 January 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04223-x
Competing interests
: H.H. is co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Omniscope; a scientific advisory board member of Nanostring, Bruker and MiRXES; and a consultant to Moderna and Singularity. H.H. also received an honorarium from Genentech. J.C.N. is a scientific consultant to Omniscope. V.S. has received research grants from AstraZeneca and honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline unrelated to this study. M.v.d.B. has received research grants (unrestricted) from AstraZeneca, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Genentech, Chiesi and Sanofi. M.N. has been awarded research grants (unrestricted) from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline. A.S. is the recipient of research grants from Roche-Genentech, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline, Scipher Medicine, Pfizer, Alimentiv, Boehringer Ingelheim and Agomab; receives consulting fees from Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, HotSpot Therapeutics, Alimentiv, Origo Biopharma, Deep Track Capital, Great Point Partners and Boxer Capital; and is on the advisory boards of BioMAdvanced Diagnostics, Goodgut and Orikine. A.A. is a computational biologist at IMIDomics, Inc. A.J. is the chief data scientist at IMIDomics, Inc. S.M. is the co-founder and chief medical officer at IMIDomics, Inc. J.S.-R. reports funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Sanofi and fees/honoraria from Travere Therapeutics, Stadapharm, Astex, Pfizer, Grunenthal and Owkin. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.