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Authors
Talla, Aarthi
Azevedo, Joao L. L. C.
Latif, Muhammad Bilal
Enriquez, Ana B.
Sanchez, Gabriela Pacheco
Pelletier, Adam N.
Bal, Saswat Kumar
Kumari, Sangeeta
Schuch, Viviane
Ghneim, Khader
Rhodes, Ajantha
Maldarelli, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5250
Yarchoan, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-1395
Lurain, Kathryn
Ramaswami, Ramya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5709-4675
Sharon, Elad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-9719
Hess, Bruce W.
D’Amico, Leonard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-7297
Martinez-Picado, Javier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-2129
Chomont, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747-5018
Lewin, Sharon R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-8241
Deeks, Steven G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-747X
Fling, Steven P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-0153
Cheever, Martin A.
Uldrick, Thomas S.
Sharma, Ashish A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9444-7046
Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7816-4828
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI164561)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI178376)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI164561)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI178376)
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Article History
Received: 22 May 2024
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 12 February 2026
Competing interests
: R.Y., R.R. and K.L. report receiving research support from Celgene (now Bristol Myers Squibb), CTI BioPharma (a Sobi A.B. company), PDS Biotech and Janssen Pharmaceuticals through Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) with the NCI. R.Y., R.R. and K.L. also report receiving drugs for clinical trials from Merck, EMD-Serano and Lilly and preclinical material from Lentigen Technology through CRADAs or Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) with the NCI. R.Y. is a co-inventor on US Patent 10,001,483 titled ‘Methods for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma or KSHV-induced lymphoma using immunomodulatory compounds and uses of biomarkers’. An immediate family member of R.Y. is a co-inventor on patents or patent applications related to internalization of target receptors, epigenetic analysis and ephrin tyrosine kinase inhibitors. All rights, titles and interests to these patents have been assigned to the US Department of Health and Human Services; the government conveys a portion of the royalties it receives to its employee inventors under the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-502). S.R.L. receives honoraria from Gilead Sciences, Merck, AbbVie, Esfam and Immunocore as a member of their scientific advisory boards. J.M.-P. has received research funding, consultancy fees and lecture sponsorships from and has served on advisory boards for various companies (Merck Sharp & Dohme, Gilead Sciences, Grifols and ViiV Healthcare) outside the scope of this article. T.S.U. is a full-time employee of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. A.T. and A.N.P. are independent consultants and list their consulting entities as primary affiliations that have no financial or commercial interest in the subject matter of this study. S.G.D. receives research support from Gilead. He is also a member of the scientific advisory board for Tendel. S.G.D. has consulted for AbbVie, Hologic and ViiV. The other authors declare no competing interests.
