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Authors
Fedak, Renee R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-9283
Ruggerie, Rachel N. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2578-3028
Shan, Yufei
Curvino, Elizabeth J.
de Sousa, Juliana F.
Daniel, Shaji
Ngo-Casi, Minhtran
Kamboh, Hafsa
Vu, Tuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-0210
Durmuş, Hacer
Mozaffar, Tahseen
Howard, James F. Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7136-8617
English, Emily P. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1621-4669
Benson, Albina
Duvernay, Matthew T.
Singer, Michael S.
Kalayoglu, Murat V.
Brunn, Carsten
Bodansky, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-8233
Anderson, Mark S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-4758
DeRisi, Joseph L.
Garcia, Samantha T.
Yu, David J. L.
Zorn, Kelsey C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-2137
Kurtoglu, Metin
Miljković, Miloš D.
Stewart, C. Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-447X
Jewell, Christopher M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-6928
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de Sousa, Juliana F.
Buensuceso, Charito
Tostanoski, Lisa H.
Zhang, Yi
Xu, Heng
Pope, Chad A.
Schneider, Dina
English, Adam
Filev, Atanas
Biaksangi, Jennifer
Small, George
Rivner, Michael
Badruddoja, Michael A.
Myers, Bennett
Shroff, Sheetal
Slanksy, Adam
Holley, Kelly
Sahagian, Gregory
Quesnell, Tara
Feinberg, Marc H.
DeMaria, Gabrielle
Vullaganti, Mithila
Barnett-Tapia, Carolina
Mendoza, Meg
Irannejad, Mona
Siddiqi, Zaeem
Habib, Ali A.
Ragole, Thomas
Pasnoor, Mamatha
Traub, Rebecca E.
Chopra, Manisha
Grover, Natalie S.
Park, Yara A.
Karafin, Matthew
Trunnell, Amy
Cheng, Catherine
Karam, Chafic
Davis, Darnell
Shaw, Jessica
Requena, Naraly
Peltier, Amanda
Gwathmey, Kelly
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R44NS115426, 1R44NS137943)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R44NS115426)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R44NS137943)
Cartesian Therapeutics
Cartesian Therapeutics (Note: these three funding sources
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing interests
: R.R.F., R.N.R., Y.S., E.J.C., J.F.S., S.D., M.N.-C., H.K., E.P.E., A. Benson, M.T.D., C. Buensuceso, C. Brunn, M.S.S., M.V.K., M. Kurtoglu, M.D.M., C.A.S. and C.M.J. are employees of and/or hold equity in Cartesian Therapeutics. C.M.J. is appointed as a Professor at the University of Maryland and a Research Health Scientist at the VA Maryland Health Care System. The views in this paper do not reflect the views of the State of Maryland or the US government. C.M.J. is founder of Nodal Therapeutics and Patch Bio and holds equity positions with Nodal Therapeutics, Patch Bio, Aletira Therapeutics and Barinthus Biotherapeutics. C.B.-T. has served as member of the advisory board for argenx, Alexion, UCB, Janssen and NMD Pharma. She has been a consultant for argenx, Janssen, Novartis and UCB. She has received research support from US Department of Defense, Muscular Dystrophy Canada and MGNet. She is the primary developer of the MGII and may receive royalties. T.V. is a site principal investigator at the University of South Florida for myasthenia gravis clinical trials sponsored by Alexion/AstraZeneca, argenx, Amgen, Cartesians, COUR, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Johnson & Johnson, Immunovant, NMD Pharma, Regeneron and UCB. T.V. received speaking and/or consulting honoraria related to myasthenia gravis from Alexion, Amgen, argenx, Dianthus and Johnson & Johnson. T.M. has received research funding from the Muscular Dystrophy Association and the National Institutes of Health (R01AR074457, UM1TR004927, R21AR082649, UO1NS139215 and T32AR083870). T.M. has received research funding from the following sponsors: Alexion, Amicus, AnnJi, argenx, Aro Bio, Ask Bio, Audients (now Astellas Gene Therapy), Cabaletta, Cartesian Therapeutics, Fate Therapeutics, ML-Bio, Momenta, NKarta, Ra Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics and Valerion. T.M. has served as a consultant for Alexion, Amicus, AnnJi, argenx, Aro Bio, Arvinas, Ask Bio, Astellas Gene Therapeutics, AvroBio, BioCryst, Cabaletta, Creyon, Dyne, Fate Therapeutics, Horizon Therapeutics, Immunovant, Maze Therapeutics, Merck, Poseida, Regeneron, Shionogi, Momenta (now Janssen), Sanofi, UCB and Variant Bio. T.M. serves on the medical advisory board for the Myositis Association and the Neuromuscular Disease Foundation. He serves on the data safety monitoring board for Acceleron, Applied Therapeutics (Chair), Avidity, Sarepta, Sirolimus in IBM trial (Chair) and the NI. J.F.H. disclosures include research funding (paid to his institution) from Ad Scientiam, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Merck EMD Serono, MGFA, Muscular Dystrophy Association, NIH, NMD Pharma and UCB Bioscience; honoraria/consulting fees from AcademicCME, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Cartesian Therapeutics, CheckRare CME, CorEvitas, Curie.Bio, H. Lundbeck A/S, Japan Tobacco Company, Merck EMB Serono, NMD Pharma, Novartis Pharma, PeerView CME, Physicians′ Education Resource (PER) CME, PlatformQ CME, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Seismic Therapeutics, TG Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB and UCB Pharma. H.D. has served as a speaker and consultant for Alexion/AstraZeneca and UCB. The other authors declare no competing interests.
