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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Competing interests

: H.K., R.N.R., R.R.F., C.A.S., M. Kurtoglu, M. Kalayoglu, M.S., C.M.J. and M.D.M. are employees of and/or hold equity in Cartesian Therapeutics. C.M.J. is appointed as a professor at the University of Maryland and as a Research Health Scientist at the VA Maryland Health Care System. The views in this paper do not reflect the views of the state of Maryland or the US government. C.M.J. is a founder of Nodal Therapeutics and Patch Bio and holds equity positions with Nodal Therapeutics, Patch Bio, Aletira Therapeutics and Barinthus Biotherapeutics. C.B.-T. has served as a member of the advisory board for argenx, Alexion, UCB, Janssen and NMD Pharma. She has been a consultant for argenx, Janssen, Novartis and UCB. She has received research support from the US Department of Defense, Muscular Dystrophy Canada and MGNet. She is the primary developer of the Myasthenia Gravis Impairment Index (MGII) and may receive royalties. T.V. is a site principal investigator at the University of South Florida for myasthenia gravis clinical trials sponsored by Alexion/AstraZeneca, argenx, Amgen, Cartesians, COUR, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Johnson & Johnson, Immunovant, NMD Pharma, Regeneron and UCB. T.V. received speaking and/or consulting honoraria related to myasthenia gravis from Alexion, Amgen, argenx, Dianthus and Johnson & Johnson. T.M. has received research funding from the Muscular Dystrophy Association and the National Institutes for Health (R01AR074457, UM1TR004927, R21AR082649, UO1NS139215 and f T32AR083870). T.M. has received research funding from the following sponsors: Alexion, Amicus, AnnJi, Argenx, Aro Bio, Ask Bio, Audentes (now Astellas Gene Therapy), Cabaletta, Cartesian Therapeutics, Fate Therapeutics, ML-Bio, Momenta, NKarta, Ra Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Spark Therapeutics and Valerion. T.M. has served as a consultant for Alexion, Amicus, AnnJi, Argenx, Aro Bio, Arvinas, Ask Bio, Astellas Gene Therapeutics, AvroBio, BioCryst, Cabaletta, Creyon, Dyne, Fate Therapeutics, Horizon Therapeutics, Immunovant, Maze Therapeutics, Merck, Poseida, Regeneron, Shionogi, Momenta (now Janssen), Sanofi, UCB and Variant Bio. T.M. serves on the medical advisory board for the Myositis Association and the Neuromuscular Disease Foundation. He serves on the data safety monitoring board for Acceleron, Applied Therapeutics (Chair), Avidity, Sarepta, Sirolimus in IBM trial (Chair) and the NI. J.F.H. discloses research funding (paid to his institution) from Ad Scientiam, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Merck EMD Serono, MGFA, Muscular Dystrophy Association, NIH, NMD Pharma and UCB Bioscience; honoraria/consulting fees from AcademicCME, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Cartesian Therapeutics, CheckRare CME, CoreEvitas, Curie.bio, H. Lundbeck A/S, Japan Tobacco Company, Merck EMB Serono, NMD Pharma, Novartis Pharma, PeerView CME, Physicians′ Education Resource (PER) CME, PlatformQ CME, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Seismic Therapeutics, TG Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB and UCB Pharma. H.D. has served as a speaker and consultant for Alexion/AstraZeneca and UCB. K.G. received speaking honoraria (remotely) for Alexion /AstraZebeca and Argenx, consulting honoraria for Alexion/AstraZeneca, Amgen, Novartis and UCB. She also served as a DSMB member for Cabaletta and Cour. C.K. served as a consultant and/or on an advisory board for Acceleron, Alpine, Alexion/AstraZeneca, Alnylam, Amgen, Amicus, Annexon, Applied Therapeutics, Argenx, Catalyst, Corino, Biogen, CSL Behring, Genentech, Immunovant, Intellia, Ionis, J&J, Medison, Neuroderm, Novo Nordisk, Nuvig, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Takeda, Vertex and Zai Lab. S.S. served as a speaker and/or consultant for UCB, Argenx and Astra Zeneca. G. Sahagian has received funding as an Investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Argenx, Sanofi, Lilly, Biogen, Cartesian, Immunovant, NMD Pharma, Regeneron and UCB. He received speaking and/or consulting honoraria from Alexion/AstraZeneca, Amgen, Argenx, Biogen, Cartesian and Immunovant. M.D received consultancy fees, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events, and participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Abcuro, Amicus, Annexon, ArgenX, Astellas, Cabaletta Bio, Catalyst, Covance/Labcorp/Fortrea, CSL-Behring, Creyon Bio, Inc., Dianthus, EMD Serono/Merck, Horizon, Ig Society, Inc, Janssen, Medlink, Nuvig, Octapharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Shire Takeda and TACT/Treat NMD and Vertex. M.M.D. has received grants or from Abcuro, Alexion/ AstraZeneca, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amicus, ArgenX, Biosensics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cabaletta Bio, Catalyst, CSL-Behring, EMD Serono, FDA/OOPD, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Grifols, Horizon Immnunovant, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MDA, NIH, Nkarta, Novartis, Octapharma, Orphazyme, Priovant, Ra Pharma/UCB Biopharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Sarepta Therapeutics, Shire Takeda, Spark Therapeutics and The Myositis Association. M.D. received royalty for manuscript writing from Wolters Kluwer Health/UpToDate and from Elsevier and for discovery relating to health care from Zevra Therapeutics. Z.S. has served as member of the advisory boards or Site Principal Investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Argenx, Alexion/AstraZeneca, UCB, Janssen, CSL Behring, Takeda, Regeneron, Immunovant, Novartis and Pfizer. The other authors declare no competing interests.