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Authors
Porcari, Serena
Ciccarese, Chiara
Heidrich, Vitor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-9187
Rondinella, Debora
Quaranta, Gianluca
Severino, Andrea
Arduini, Daniela
Buti, Sebastiano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-0226
Fornarini, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-6572
Primi, Francesca
Stumbo, Luciano https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2424-4390
Giannarelli, Diana
Giudice, Giulia Claire
Damassi, Alessandra
Giron Berríos, Julio Rodrigo
Punčochář, Michal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1915-9391
Barbazuk, Thomas B.
Piccinno, Gianmarco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1947-1817
Pinto, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-4811
Armanini, Federica
Asnicar, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-1468
Schinzari, Giovanni
Derosa, Lisa
Kroemer, Guido https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-4405
Sanguinetti, Maurizio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-7059
Masucci, Luca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-6726
Gasbarrini, Antonio
Tortora, Giampaolo
Cammarota, Giovanni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-6148
Zitvogel, Laurence https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-0998
Segata, Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-5794
Iacovelli, Roberto
Ianiro, Gianluca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8318-0515
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 28 January 2026
Competing interests
: S.P. has served as a speaker for WellMicro. G.K. has been holding research contracts with Daiichi-Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys and Vascage. G.K. is on the Board of Directors of Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France. G.K. is also a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics and Therafast Bio; is on the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier and Rejuveron Life Sciences/Centenara Labs AG; and is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis and metabolic disorders. A close family member of G.K. was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer Ingelheim. A.G. reports personal fees for consultancy for Eisai S.r.l., 3PSolutions, Real Time Meeting, Fondazione Istituto Danone, Sinergie S.r.l. Board MRGE and Sanofi S.p.A.; personal fees for acting as a speaker for Takeda S.p.A., AbbVie and Sandoz S.p.A.; and personal fees for acting on advisory boards for VSL3 and Eisai. L.Z. is a co-founder of everImmune and its scientific advisory board president; received a research contract from Kaleido and 9 Meters/Innovate Pharma; and is sponsored by Pileje. G.C. has received personal fees for acting as an advisor for Ferring Therapeutics. G.I. has received personal fees for acting as a speaker for Biocodex and Illumina and for acting as a consultant/advisor for Ferring Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.
