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Article History

Received: 6 July 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 19 February 2026

Competing interests

: K.K.P. has served as a consultant for Eli Lilly and Company. Y.L. is the co-inventor of the technology ‘Novel Tau isoforms to predict onset of symptoms and dementia in Alzheimer’s disease’, which is in the process of licensing by C2N Diagnostics. Z.S.S. and G.T.-B. are employed by Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine and may receive salary and stock for their employment. L.D.-C. and Y.M. are employed by AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG. J.C. and M.B. receive salary and company stock as compensation for their employment with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. C.E.R. and K.F. are employees of and may own stock in Biogen. E.A.M. is employed by the Alzheimer’s Association. L.M.S. receives funding from the NIA for ADNI4 and from the NIA for the University of Pennsylvania ADRC P30 for the Biomarker Core. J.L.D. is an inventor on patents or patent applications of Eli Lilly and Company relating to the assays, methods, reagents and/or compositions of matter for P-tau assays and Aβ-targeting therapeutics. J.L.D. has served or is serving as a consultant or on advisory boards for Eisai, AbbVie, Genotix Biotechnologies Inc., Gates Ventures, Gate Neurosciences, Dolby Family Ventures, Karuna Therapeutics, AlzPath Inc., Cognito Therapeutics, Inc., Prevail Therapeutics, Neurogen Biomarking, Spear Bio, the University of Kentucky, Rush University, Tymora and Quanterix. J.L.D. has received research support from ADx Neurosciences, Fujirebio, Roche Diagnostics and Eli Lilly and Company in the past 2 years. J.L.D. has received speaker fees from Eli Lilly and Company and LabCorp. J.L.D. is a founder of and advisor to Monument Biosciences. J.L.D. has stock or stock options in Eli Lilly and Company, Genotix Biotechnologies, AlzPath Inc., Neurogen Biomarking and Monument Biosciences. N.J.A. has received speaking fees from Eli Lilly, Biogen, Quanterix and Alamar Biosciences. H.Z. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for AbbVie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics and Wave; has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche and WebMD; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). C.C. has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline and Eisai. C.C. is a member of the scientific advisory board of Circular Genomics and owns stocks. C.C. is also a member of the scientific advisory board of Admit and has served on the scientific advisory boards of GlaxoSmithKline and Novo Nordisk. E.M.M. has participated in speaker engagements for Eisai, Neurology Live and Projects in Knowledge-Kaplan. E.M.M. has had advisory board roles, consulting and data safety monitoring board (DSMB) relationships with Eli Lilly, Alnylam, Alector, Alzamend, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grifols and Merck. D.M.H. and R.J.B. have equity ownership interest in C2N Diagnostics. D.M.H. and R.J.B. receive income from C2N Diagnostics for serving on the scientific advisory board. D.M.H. is on the scientific advisory board of Genentech, Denali, Cajal Neurosciences, Acta Pharmaceuticals and Switch and consults for Alnylam, Pfizer and Roche. R.J.B. is a co-inventor on the following US patent applications: ‘Methods to detect novel tau species in CSF and use thereof to track tau neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies’ and ‘CSF phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta profiles as biomarkers of Tauopathies’. R.J.B. is a co-inventor on a non-provisional patent application: ‘Methods of diagnosing and treating based on site-specific tau phosphorylation’. R.J.B. is an unpaid scientific advisory board member of Roche and Biogen and receives research funding from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Janssen, Roche/Genentech, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Biogen, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis. A.W.B. receives salary and company stock as compensation for his employment with AbbVie. W.Z.P. was previously employed by the National Institute of Mental Health and is a stockholder in Merck & Co. W.Z.P. is a Co-Chair Emeritus for the FNIH Biomarkers Consortium Neuroscience Steering Committee. W.Z.P. serves as a consultant for Karuna, Neurocrine, Neumarker and Vaaji and receives grant support from the NIA along with stock options from Praxis Bioresearch. S.E.S. has served on scientific advisory boards on biomarker testing and education for Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has received speaking fees for presentations on biomarker testing from Eisai, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Medscape and PeerView. She has provided unpaid scientific advising to Eisai, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Eli Lilly, Biogen, Acumen, Cognito Therapeutics and Danaher. M.M.-A., L.D.-C., C.X., D.T., B.S., E.G.R., J.C.M. and J.M.S. have nothing to disclose.