Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Competing interests

: W.M. has received grants or holds contracts from ArgenX, Kyverna, Lilly, Galapagos, Boehringer Ingelheim, Evotec and Bristol Myers Squibb; consulting fees and payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from Lilly, Galapagos and Boehringer Ingelheim; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Kyverna, Lilly, Galapagos and Boehringer Ingelheim; patents planned with Evotec and Bristol Myers Squibb; participation on advisory boards for Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim; and receipt of equipment, materials or drugs from ArgenX. J.H.W.D. has received grants or holds contracts from AbbVie, Anamar, Argenx, ARXX, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cantargia, Celgene, CSL Behring, ExoTherapeutics, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Inventiva, Kiniksa, Lassen, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, RedX and UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakerʼs bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AbbVie, Active Biotech, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB; payment for expert testimony from AbbVie, Anamar, ARXX, AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cantargia, Celgene, Galapagos, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Inventiva, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and UCB; support for attending meetings and/or travel from AbbVie and SOBI; stock or stock options from 4D Science and FibroCure; and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Boehringer Ingelheim. A.-H.G. has received honoraria for presentations from Boehringer Ingelheim and AbbVie. T.R. received honoraria for lecturing, consulting, travel expenses for attending meetings and research support from Alexion, ArgenX, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and UCB. C.D. received honoraria for lecturing, consulting and travel expenses for attending meetings from Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Medac, AstraZeneca, AlfaSigma, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Lilly, Amgen, AbbVie, Kyverna, Pfizer and Deutsche Rheuma-Liga. M.H. received speaker’s fees and travel support from Century Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kyverna, UCB, Sanofi, AlfaSigma, Gilead, Pfizer and AbbVie. G.S. received speaker’s honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, Janssen, Kyverna, Novartis and UCB. R.G.-B. has received research support from Kyverna and speakerʼs honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Kyverna and Novartis. C.P.H. received consulting fees from Schering-Plough, Pfizer, Basilea, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Roche, Astellas, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, Intermune, Fresenius and Voiant; research funding from Siemens, Pfizer, MeVis, Boehringer Ingelheim and Exscientia; and lecture fees from Gilead, Essex, Schering-Plough, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Bracco, MEDA Pharma, Intermune, Chiesi, Siemens, Covidien, Pierre Fabre, Boehringer Ingelheim, Grifols, Novartis, Basilea, Bayer and Sanofi. He also has stock ownership in GlaxoSmithKline and a patent titled ‘Method and device for representing the microstructure of the lungs’ (IPC8 class: AA61B5055FI, PAN: 20080208038, inventors: Schreiber, W., Wolf, U., Scholz, A. W. & Heussel, C. P.). The other authors declare no competing interests.