Gao, Yuan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3817-5266
Moayedi, Yasbanoo
Foroutan, Farid
Verma, Bhavish
Kim, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-5551
Luca, Enza De https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-215X
Brum, Margaret
Brahmbhatt, Darshan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-0523
Duhamel, Joe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-2715
Simard, Anne
McIntosh, Chris https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-1250
Ross, Heather J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-3027
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research. Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Graduate Scholarship Doctoral Award
Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research.
Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2022-05117)
Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (DGECR-2022-00137)
Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Competing interests
: Apple Incorporated provided 200 iPhones and Apple Watch devices for the study, provided feedback on the manuscript and collaborated with all authors to build the study-specific mobile application. All authors are investigating patenting the TRUE-HF model described herein.