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Article History

Received: 11 January 2026

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Change Date: 11 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Since the version of the article initially published, ref. 17 has been updated to read “Tate, T. Pparg signaling controls bladder cancer subtype and immune exclusion. <i>Nat. Commun.</i><b>12</b> 6160 (2021)” in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Competing interests

: M.D.G. reports consulting fees from Janssen, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, EMD Serono, Gilead Sciences and AbbVie and institutional research funding from Janssen Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, AstraZeneca and Genentech/Roche. J.B. reports consulting fees from Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Merck, Novartis, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bristol Myers Squibb and EMD Serono/Merck; stock ownership in Rainier Therapeutics; honoraria from UpToDate; patents/royalties from UpToDate; and research funding from Pfizer/EMD Serono (institutional) and Pfizer/Gilead. M.B. reports employment, leadership role and stock ownership in Flare Therapeutics. C. Mantia reports consulting fees from AADi, Synthekine, Nextech, Cogent Biosciences and EMD Serono; and institutional research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb. B.G. reports institutional consulting fees from AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Adicet Bio, AIQ Global, Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AVEO, Bayer, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Genentech/Roche, Janssen, Merck, Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Rondo Therapeutics, Seagen, Specialty Networks, Takeda and Xencor; and institutional research funding from multiple pharmaceutical companies including AstraZeneca, AVEO, Exelixis, Janssen Oncology, Merck, Novartis and Pfizer. G.I. reports consulting fees from Janssen, Mirati Therapeutics, Flare Therapeutics, Loxo/Lilly, AstraZeneca, EMD Serono, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals; other relationships with DAVA Oncology; and institutional research funding from Janssen, Pfizer, AADi, Loxo/Lilly, and Flare Therapeutics. D.P.P. reports consulting fees from Bayer, Exelixis, Pfizer, Roche, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Incyte, Janssen, Pharmacyclics, Seagen, Urogen Pharma, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Ipsen, Bicycle Therapeutics, Mirati Therapeutics, Monopteros Therapeutics, Regeneron, and Gilead Sciences; expert testimony for Celgene and Sanofi; and institutional research funding from multiple pharmaceutical companies. D.R. reports institutional research funding from Flare Therapeutics. S.G. reports consulting fees from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Astellas, Foundation Medicine, Bayer and Johnson & Johnson. I.R.-R. reports an ownership interest or stock in Next Oncology, Texas Oncology and IQVIA and reports consulting fees from Syneos Health, Werewolf Therapeutics and Cardinal Health. Y.M. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. A.J. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. P.A.N. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. B.K. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. J.T. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. A.M.C. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. C. McCrone reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. A.P.R. reports employment at Flare Therapeutics. J.A.M. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics. E.G. reports employment and stock ownership at Flare Therapeutics; an immediate family member is employed by and holds stock in Takeda Pharmaceuticals. M.L.M. reports employment with and leadership roles at Flare Therapeutics, Syndax and Nuvalent; consulting fees from Syndax, Nuvalent and Auron Therapeutics; patents/royalties from Syndax and Nuvalent; and stock ownership in Flare Therapeutics, Syndax, Nuvalent and Auron Therapeutics. M.I.M. reports stock ownership in Pfizer and Gilead Sciences; other relationships with Elsevier, Prime Education, Research to Practice and OncLive/MJH Life Sciences; and institutional research funding from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, ALX Oncology, Novartis, Acrivon Therapeutics, OncoC4, Flare Therapeutics, Loxo/Lilly, Astellas Pharma, Pfizer, Amgen, Roche and G1 Therapeutics. X.G. reports consulting fees from Flare Therapeutics, Loxo/Lilly, Bayer, ADC Therapeutics, Hinova Pharmaceuticals, Abeona Therapeutics, Arvinas, 858 Therapeutics, Janssen and Kanaph Therapeutics; and institutional research funding from Arvinas, Exelixis, Pfizer, Harpoon Therapeutics, Aprea Therapeutics, Takeda, Aravive, Merck, Poseida Therapeutics, TopAlliance BioSciences, Novartis, Regeneron, Bayer, ALX Oncology, Nuvation Bio, Loxo/Lilly, Janux Therapeutics and Halda Therapeutics.