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Article History
Received: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Competing interests
: W.P. reports research funding to the institution from Merck, Astellas, Lepu Biopharma, Amgen and Revolution Medicines; consulting for Astellas, EXACT Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Innovent Biologics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, KeyQuest, TD Cowen and AlphaSights; continuing medical education honoraria from the American Physician Institute, Curio, Integrity, Physicians’ Education Resource and Aptitude Health; and travel support from Amgen and DAVA Oncology. M.H. reports honoraria from Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca, Amgen and Viatris; research funding from Servier; and travel support from Astellas. M.A.P. reports stock ownership in Amgen (former employee). A.M.V. reports that her spouse consults for AstraZeneca and Paige.AI and that she holds intellectual property rights with SOPHiA Genetics. K.H.Y. reports a relationship with Ipsen Pharma. D.R. reports consulting for Boston Scientific and equity interests (self and/or spouse) in Eli Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Abbott Laboratories, Pfizer, UnitedHealth Group, Johnson & Johnson, CVS Health, Sanofi, Elevance Health, GlaxoSmithKline, Haleon, Sandoz, Procter & Gamble and others as well as uncompensated professional service for the Journal of Oncology Practice , Cancer Medicine and the American Board of Internal Medicine. M.B.F. has served on advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, Intera, Genzyme and Abbott Laboratories. J.J.H. reports consulting relationships with Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cogent, Elevar, Exelixis, Eisai, Merck, Rayze Bio, Servier and Jazz Pharmaceuticals and research support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kinnate, Tvardi and Zymeworks. A.S.E. reports royalties from UpToDate. D.K. reports consulting for Bristol Myers Squibb, BeiGene, GlaxoSmithKline, Guardant Health, Johnson & Johnson and Merck. J.D.S. reports consulting for Hoplite Healthcare and advisory roles with Open Evidence. H.Z. reports relationships with Revolution Medicines and Eli Lilly. M.S. reports consulting for Boston Scientific. N.R. reports research funding from Pfizer. V.B. reports relationships with Genentech, Merck and AbbVie. D.P. serves on the scientific advisory board of Insitro. C.A.I.-D. reports research funding and advisory roles with Bristol Myers Squibb and Episteme. E.M.O. reports research funding to the institution from Arcus, Genentech/Roche, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Elicio Therapeutics, Digestive Care, Agenus, Amgen, Revolution Medicines and Tango Therapeutics; uncompensated advisory or data safety monitoring board roles with Arcus, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Cantargia, BridgeBio, Oncolytics, Alligator BioSciences, Pfizer, Agenus, BioNTech, Ipsen, Ikena, Merck, Immuneering, Moma Therapeutics, Novartis, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Revolution Medicines, Regeneron and Tango Therapeutics; and travel support from BioNTech and Arcus. All other authors declare no competing interests.