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Article History

Received: 26 August 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Competing interests

: J.P.M., L.C. and M.G.A. declare no competing interests. J.L.C. has provided consultation to Acadia, Acumen, ALZpath, AnnovisBio, Artery, Axsome, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Fosun, GAP Foundation, Hummingbird Diagnostics, IGC, Janssen, Julius Clinical, Kinoxis, Lighthouse, Lilly, Lundbeck, LSP/eqt, Merck, MoCA Cognition, Novo Nordisk, NSC Therapeutics, Optoceutics, Otsuka, ReMYND, Roche, Scottish Brain Sciences, Signant Health, Simcere, sinaptica and T-Neuro pharmaceutical, assessment, and investment companies. J.L.C. is supported by NIGMS grant P20GM109025; National Institute on Aging (NIA) grants R35AG71476 and R25AG083721-01; NINDS RO1NS139383; Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF); Ted and Maria Quirk Endowment; and Joy Chambers-Grundy Endowment. S.M. serves on the board of directors of Senscio Systems and the scientific advisory boards of ALZpath and Boston Millennia Partners and has received consulting and/or speaker fees from Biogen, C2N Diagnostics, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Genentech/Roche. University of Southern California has research agreements, on which S.M. is principal investigator, with Biogen, C2N, Eli Lilly, Eisai and Roche/Genentech. D.J.S. is a Director of Prothena Biosciences and an ad hoc consultant to Roche and Eisai. R.D. is a full-time employee of Axxium Life. N.M.-C. has received speaker/consultancy fees from Biogen, Eli Lilly, Merck and Owkin. M.B. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson. D.S. is an employee of Vaxine Pty. N.P. is an employee of Vaxine Pty and inventor on patents relating to AD vaccines. R.C.M. is a principal investigator on NIA grant R01AG061091, receives consulting fees from Global Alzheimer’s Platform Foundation, AgeneBio and Amyriad Therapeutics, serves on the Board of Governors for Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation and the Board of Directors for Cogstate, and holds stock in Eli Lilly and Company. G.V. is the Convener of CEOi. B.T. is the Executive Director of CEOi. K.A.P. is a paid consultant for CEOi. E.M. is supported by funding from the NIA (K23AG046363, U01AG059798), the Anonymous Foundation, GHR, the Alzheimer’s Association, and institutional support, and additional research support (to the institution) has been provided by Eli Lilly, Eisai, Hoffmann-La Roche and the DIAN-TU Pharma Consortium. E.M. has participated in speaker engagements for Eisai, Neurology Live and Projects in Knowledge-Kaplan, and advisory board roles, consulting and Data Safety Monitoring Board participation have included relationships with Eli Lilly, Alnylam, Alector, Alzamend, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Hoffmann-La Roche, Grifols, Johnson and Johnson, Vigil Neuroscience and Merck. S.B.H. is the owner and an employee of Pentara Corporation, a consulting firm that provides services to more than 30 pharmaceutical, biotech, non-profit and academic organizations involved in clinical research, including neurodegenerative and other disease areas. R.A.S. has served as a consultant or on scientific advisory boards for AbbVie, AC Immune, Acumen, Alector, Apellis, Biohaven, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Ionis, Janssen, Oligomerix, Prothena, Roche and Vaxxinity over the past 3 years, has received research funding from Eisai and Eli Lilly for public–private partnership clinical trials, and receives research grant funding from the NIA/National Institutes of Health, GHR Foundation and the Alzheimer’s Association.