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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Competing interests

: G.F.W. reports travel support from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals and an institutional grant/contract from Novartis. D.S. reports honoraria from Regeneron, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Amarin, Esperion, Novartis and Sanofi for serving on advisory boards. J.H., B.G., S.M. and R.Z. are Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals employees and shareholders. D.G. reports grants and/or contracts from 89 bio, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Inversago Pharma, Merck, New Amsterdam Pharma, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc. and Verve Therapeutics; research grants to ECOGENE-21 from Amgen, Amryt Pharma Holdings Ltd, Applied Therapeutics, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., National Research Council Canada, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Medicines Company and uniQure Biopharma B.V.; and consulting for Amgen, Amryt Pharma Holdings Ltd, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Flagship Pioneering, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Medison Pharma, Novartis, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc. and Verve Therapeutics. I.J.G. reports being a consultant for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals and Ionis. N.J.L. has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health, American Heart Association and the Greathouse Foundation; he is cofounder and board director of Bitterroot Bio; and consultant for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Regeneron, MingSight Pharmaceuticals and Janssen. R.A.H. reports consulting for Acasti, Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Amgen Canada, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, HLS Therapeutics Inc., Ionis, Medison, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Pasteur Biologics LLC, Theratech and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., as well as past consulting for Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (prior to 2020). C.M.B. reports grants and/or consultant fees from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals during the conduct of the study; grants from Amgen, Ionis, Lilly, Merck, New Amsterdam and Novo Nordisk; and consultant fees from Ionis, Amgen, Lilly, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novo Nordisk, Amarin, Pfizer, Abbott Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Denka Seiken, Genentech, Roche Diagnostics and Sanofi-Synthélabo. The other authors declare no competing interests.