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Article History

Received: 15 October 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 14 April 2026

Competing interests

: D.M. declares research funding from Amgen, Merck, Oncolytics and Rafael; scientific advisory board work for Actuate Therapeutics and Qurient; an advisory/speaker bureau for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai and Exelixis; and institutional research funding from Acepodia, Actuate Therapeutics, ADC Therapeutics, Amgen, AVEO, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, BioNTech, Dialectic Therapeutics, Epizyme, Fujifilm, ImmuneSensor, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Leap Therapeutics, Lycera Corp, Merck, Millennium, MiNA Alpha, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Oncolytics, Orano Med, Puma, Qurient, Rafael, Repare Therapeutics, Triumvira Immunologics, Vigeo Therapeutics and Warewolf Therapeutics. R.T.S. declares institutional research funding from Lisata, Merck, Exelixis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Immuno Vaccine, Compass, Actuate, Faeth and Seagen; consultation for AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, Genentech, Elevar, ICON Clinical Research and Foundation Medicine; and participation in advisory boards for Exelixis, Merck, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Zymeworks. B.A.C. declares institutional research support from AstraZeneca, Abbvie, Actuate Therapeutics, Astellas, Agenus, Bayer, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Mink Therapeutics, Pfizer, Pyxis Oncology, Repare Therapeutics and Regeneron; and participation in advisory boards for Seattle Genetics and Eisai. A.L.C. declares consultation or participation in advisory boards for Halozyme, Seattle Genetics, Merrimack and Abbvie; institutional research funding from XBiotech, Newlink Genetics, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Immunomedics, Onconova Therapeutics, Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Genentech, Seattle Genetics, AbGenomics International, Halozyme, Novocure, Amgen, Actuate Therapeutics, Surface Oncology, Nucana, Nextrast and AstraZeneca; and travel support from Halozyme, Abbvie and Nucana. A.C. declares institutional research funding from Genentech, Merck Serono, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Roche, Beigene, Bayer, Servier, Lilly, Novartis, Takeda, Astellas, Natera and Actuate Therapeutics; and participation in advisory board or receipt of speaker fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Merck Serono, GlaxoSmithKline and Roche. V.S. declares institutional research funding from Actuate Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Esanik, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Ipsen, MedImmune, the National Cancer Institute, PanCAN, Cornerstone (previously Rafael), Relay, Repare, Servier, Syros and Transthera; consulting fees from Amplity (previously Lynx Group), AstraZeneca, Autem, Delcath Systems, Histosonics, Ipsen, Incyte, Rafael (previously Cornertsone), Servier and Taiho; receipt of equipment and supplies from Beigene and Cornerstone (previously Rafael); and travel support from ASCO, the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, Histosonics, Lynx Group/Amplity and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. N.K.L. declares institutional research funding from Exact Sciences. C.D.L. declares institutional research funding from Servier, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche and Taiho. F.J.G. declares stock ownership in Actuate Therapeutics. C.S. is an employee and equity holder in Actuate Therapeutics. A.U. is an employee and equity holder in Actuate Therapeutics. T.W., G.F. and M.J. declare consulting fees from Actuate Therapeutics. A.P.M. is an employee and equity holder in Actuate Therapeutics. T.S.B.-S. declares institutional research funding from Actuate Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Elicio, Esanik, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Jazz, Ipsen, the National Cancer Institute, PanCAN, Cornerstone (previously Rafael), Relay, Repare, RevMed, Servier and Transthera; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Autem, Amplity (previously Lynx Group), Delcath, Elevar, HistoSonics, Incyte, Ipsen, Jazz, RevMed, Servier, Tallac and TransThera; provision of equipment/supplies from Cornerstone (previously Rafael); travel and lodging costs from ASCO, the Japanese Society of Clinical Oncology, the BinayTara Foundation, the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, HistoSonics, Lynx Group/Amplity, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the Chinese Association of Pancreatology. Y.J., A.P., S.H., I.J.P., S.P., P.K., M.M. and R.C. declare no competing interests.