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Authors
Honey, Madison I. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9422-8764
Hok-A-Hin, Yanaika S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9713-116X
Thijssen, Elisabeth H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9723-5441
Cousins, Katheryn A. Q. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-2766
van der Weijden, Babette
in ‘t Veld, Lisanne
Stoops, Erik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9989-4486
de Boer, Sterre C. M.
Duits, Flora H.
de Houwer, Julie F. H.
Morrema, Tjado H. J.
Alcolea, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-3245
Illán-Gala, Ignacio
Fortea, Juan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-638X
Lleó, Alberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-5478
Boxer, Adam L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-5064
Irwin, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-5098
Lee, Edward B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-1180
Shaw, Leslie
McMillan, Corey T.
Wolk, David A.
Hoozemans, Jeroen J. M.
van der Flier, Wiesje M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8766-6224
van der Ende, Emma
Seelaar, Harro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1989-7527
Verberk, Inge M. W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0341-7445
Gan, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4600-275X
Pijnenburg, Yolande
Teunissen, Charlotte E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-0837
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Competing interests
: M.I.J.H is listed as an inventor on a patent application concerning the use of AcTau174 as a biomarker (EPO application EP26151547.2). L.G. is the founder and consultant of Aeton Therapeutics and is listed as an inventor on a patent application concerning the AcTau antibody used in this study. J.J.M.H. is currently employed by F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG. H.S. is a member of the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases—Project ID 739510. I.M.W.V. receives speaker honorarium from Quanterix and is a consultant to Neurogen Biomarking. I.M.W.V. also participates in a collaborative research project with Quanterix and Olink, supported by PPP allowance from Health~Holland, and additional collaborative projects with Nitrase Therapeutics, Roche Diagnostics and Sysmex. All payments are made directly to her institution. E.H.T. is a cofounder and Chief Scientific Officer of Neurogen Biomarking. She is listed as an inventor on a patent application concerning the use of AcTau174 as a biomarker (EPO application EP26151547.2). D.J.I. reports NIH grants and industry funding to his institution for clinical trials by Alector, CervoMed, Denali, Passage Bio and Prevail. Funding sources are P01- and P30-AG-072979. E.B.L. has received consulting fees from Eli Lilly. D.A. has participated in advisory boards for Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Grifols S.A. and Lilly, and has received speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Zambon S.A.U., Neuraxpharm, Alter Medica, Lilly and Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A. D.A. also holds a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative diseases (licensed to ADx NeuroSciences N.V., WO2019175379). J.F. reported receiving personal fees for service on the advisory boards, adjudication committees or speaker honoraria from Alnylam, AC Immune, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Perha, Roche, Zambon and outside the submitted work. He reports holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to ADx, EPI8382175.0). A.L. participated in advisory board meetings from Almirall, Beckman-Coulter, Biogen, Eisai, Fujirebio-Europe, Grifols, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Nutricia, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Roche and Zambon, and received speaker honoraria from Almirall, Esteve, Lilly, Biogen, KRKA, Nutricia and Zambon. A.L. is co-author of a patent on antibodies for amyloid precursor, methods and uses thereof European priority (EP25382226). I.I.-G. participated in advisory boards from UCB and Nutricia, and received speaker honoraria from Almirall, Esteve Pharmaceuticals S.A., Kern Pharma, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Lilly, Nutricia and Zambon S.A.U. A.L.B. served as a paid consultant to Alector, Alexion, Arrowhead, Arvinas, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Neurocrine, Novartis, Oligomerix, Ono, Oscotec, Switch and Transposon. He is a scientific cofounder of Neurovanda. His institution received research support from Biogen and Eisai for serving as a site investigator for clinical trials, as well as from Regeneron. E.S. is an employee of ADx NeuroSciences, Gent, Belgium, which is a partner in ABOARD ( ). As of 1 November, 2025, W.M.v.d.F. is executive director at Alzheimer Nederland, Amersfoort, the Netherlands. Before 1 November 2025, research programs of W.M.v.d.F. have been supported by ZonMW, NWO, EU JPND, EU-IHI, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, stichting Dioraphte, Noaber foundation, Pieter Houbolt Fonds, Gieskes-Strijbis Fonds, stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw fonds, Pasman stichting, Philips, Biogen MA, Novartis-NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Eli Lilly-NL, Fujifilm, Eisai, Combinostics. W.M.v.d.F. is a recipient of ABOARD, which is a public–private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (73305095007) and Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP allowance; LSHM20106). Before 1 November 2025, W.M.v.d.F. served as an invited speaker for Biogen MA, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), Novo Nordisk, Springer Healthcare and European Brain Council. W.M.v.d.F has been a consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, Biogen MA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Owkin France and Nationale Nederlanden Ventures. W.M.v.d.F has participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA, Roche and Eli Lilly. In 2024–2025, W.M.v.d.F has been a member of the steering committee of phase 3 EVOKE/EVOKE+ studies (Novo Nordisk). In 2025, W.M.v.d.F has been a member of the steering committee op phase 3 Trontinemab study (Roche). All funding has been paid to Amsterdam UMC. W.M.v.d.F was associate editor of Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy in 2020/2021. W.M.v.d.F was associate editor at Brain 2021–2025. W.M.v.d.F is chair of the Scientific Leadership Group of InRAD. W.M.v.d.F is also a member of the supervisory board (Raad van Toezicht) Trimbos Instituut. C.E.T. is listed as an inventor on a patent application concerning the use of AcTau174 as a biomarker (EPO application EP26151547.2). C.E.T. has ‘research contracts’ with Acumen, ADx Neurosciences, AC Immune, Alamar, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman-Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, C2N diagnostics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Muna, Nitrase Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Sysmex, Toyama, Vaccinex, Vivoryon. She is editor-in-chief of Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and serves on editorial boards of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s & Dementia, Neurology—Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Medidact Neurologie/Springer, and is a committee member to define guidelines for Cognitive disturbances, and one for acute Neurology in the Netherlands. She has ‘consultancy/speaker contracts’ for Aribio, Biogen, Beckman-Coulter, Cognition Therapeutics, Danaher, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Neurogen Biomarking, Nordic Biosciences, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Olink, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi and Veravas. The other authors declare no competing interests.
