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Article History

Received: 13 March 2026

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Competing interests

: O.N.: research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson; advisory boards for Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, GPCR Therapeutics, Kite and AstraZeneca. D.M.C.d.S.: research funding from Regeneron. S.N.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. A.B.-V.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. E.O.: consulting for Exact Sciences, Natera, Grail and Sanofi; research funding from Regeneron. R.R.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. K.D. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. A.S.S. has consulted for Novartis and Janssen. Y.L. has participated on an advisory board for Opna Bio and has consulted for Sanofi. C.M.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. F.A.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. C.O.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. B.K.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. M.M.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. A.B.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. E.S.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. K.M.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. A.C.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. Q.B.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. H.W.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. E.D.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. E.G.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. F.C.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. N.B.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. R.M. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. T.L. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. D.D.W. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. C.G.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. K.P.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. E.L.S. has consulted for ArsenalBio, Blackstone Life Sciences, Chroma Medicine, Clade Therapeutics, Eureka Therapeutics, ImmuneBridge, Legend Biotech, Overland Pharmaceuticals, Predicta Biosciences and Sana Biotech. E.L.S. holds equity in Predicta Biosciences and receives research funding from Sanofi and Strand Therapeutics. E.L.S. is an inventor on licensed patents regarding CAR T cells and antibodies and received royalties from Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi and Vyriad. E.L.S. was on scientific advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, Chimeric Therapeutics, Novartis and Sanofi. K.A. has consulted for Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Roche/Genentech. He is on the board of directors with stock options for Dynamic Cell Therapies, C4 Therapeutics, Starton Therapeutics and Window Therapeutics and has stock options in Predicta Biosciences. C.J. has received consulting fees from Kite/Gilead, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Autolus, Miltenyi Biotec, Galapagos, Janssen, Umoja, Kyverna, Caribou, Lyell, ADC Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, GenmAb and Genentech and research funding from Kite/Gilead. N.C.M. has consulted for Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, OncoPep, Amgen, Karyopharm, Legend, AbbVie, Takeda and GlaxoSmithKline. He is on the board of directors and has stock options for OncoPep. P.R.: consulting for Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Karyopharm, Oncopeptides, Regeneron and Sanofi; research grants from Oncopeptides and Karyopharm. D.M. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. J.S. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. C.T. was an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. M.W. is an employee of Johnson & Johnson and has stock ownership. L.T.: no conflicts of interest to disclose. M.V.M.: honoraria from AbbVie/Genentech, Amgen, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi and Takeda; consulting/advisory roles for AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche/Genentech and Takeda. J.R. has research funding from Kite/Gilead and Novartis and serves on advisory boards for Astraveus, CGT Global, Smart Immune, Stratus Therapeutics, Tolerance Bio and Visterra. I.M.G. has consulted for AbbVie, Adaptive, Amgen, Aptitude Health, Arcellx, AstraZeneca, BioSkryb Genomics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Civala, Clinical Care Options, Clinical Education Alliance, ENGAGE, Feromics, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kite Pharma, Menarini, ONK Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Silicon Biosystems, Takeda, TG Therapeutics and Window Therapeutics. She has received honoraria from Amgen, Curio Science, Janssen, MD Education, MJH Life Sciences, Physicians’ Education Resource, Regeneron, Standard Biotools, Takeda, Thermo Fisher Scientific/Binding Site, Veeva and Vor Biopharma. She is a founder and executive board member of, and holds private equity in, Predicta Biosciences. Her spouse is the chief medical officer of, and holds private equity in, Disc Medicine.