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Article History

Received: 17 January 2026

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Competing interests

: T.T., P.U., C.M., L.C., C.H., H.H., T.S., I.I.D., E.G. and A.B. are employees of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and/or Genentech Inc. and may hold Roche stock or stock options as part of their employment compensation. I.B. reports accommodation and travel expenses from Amgen, Merck, Sanofi and Servier and personal speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca and Amgen. V.M. declares financial and non-financial interests with AbbVie, Achilles, Adaptimmune, ADC Therapeutics, Ascendis Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioInvent, Biomea Fusion, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, C4 Therapeutics, Calico Life Sciences, Celgene, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Crescendo Biologics, Cullinan Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Enliven Therapeutics, Epizyme, Exelixis, FameWave, F-Star Beta Limited, Genentech, Genmab, Gilead, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal Ag & Sandoz, HiFiBiO, Hookipa Biotech, HUTCHMED, IGM Biosciences, ImCheck Therapeutics, Immunocore, Immutep, Incyte, iOmx Therapeutics, Iovance, Italfarmaco, Iteos, Janssen, Light Chain Bioscience, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Merus, Miltenyi Biomedicine, Monta Biosciences, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mythic Therapeutics, Ningbo Newbay, Novartis, Oxford Biotherapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, PMV Pharma, Prelude Therapeutics, Pyxis Oncology, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Repare Therapeutics, Revolution, Roche, Schrödinger, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seagen, Shattuck Labs, Synthorx, Takeda, Tango Therapeutics, Tesaro, Totus Medicines, Turning Point Therapeutics and Vividion Therapeutics. F.T. declares institutional funding from Achilles, Adaptimmune, Amgen, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Byondis, Chugai, Corbus, Crescendo Biologics, Epkin, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunocore, Iovance, Janssen, Kymab/Sanofi, Leucid, Moderna, Novalgen, Nucana, Oxford Vacmedix, Roche, RS Oncology, Seagen, Takeda, T-Knife Therapeutics, UCB, Zelluna and Zymeworks; advisory board/consultancy/honoraria from AstraZeneca, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, OncoBayes, Pan Cancer T, T-Knife Therapeutics and Waypoint; and data and safety monitoring board for Immatics. I.M. declares the following interests: grants from Roche, AstraZenca, Bristol Myers Squibb and Genmab and consultancy for Roche, Genmab, Regeneron, Pioneer Medicines, Bright Peak Therapeutics, PharmaMar, Curon, Mestag Therapeutics and Light Chain Bioscience. E.C. reports the following interests: ownership interests in Oncoart Associated; honoraria from HM Hospitales Group; consulting/advisory roles at Nanobiotix, Janssen-Cilag, Roche/Genentech, TargImmune Therapeutics, Servier, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amunix, Adcendo, Anaveon, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Chugai, MonTa, MSD Oncology, Nouscom, Novartis, OncoDNA, T-Knife Therapeutics, Elevation Oncology, PharmaMar, Ellipses Pharma, Syneos Health, Genmab and Diaccurate; and president and founder of Foundation INTHEOS. T.W.K. declares institutional funding from Genentech and Inocras. S.H.B. declares the following interests: researcher/grant/contract (clinical trial principal investigator): Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bayer, Boryung, Takeda, Jeil Pharmaceutical, Merck, Janssen, Pfizer, Amgen, Revolution Medicines, IGM Biosciences and STCube. All other authors not listed above declare no competing interests.