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Authors
Hussain-Alkhateeb, Laith
He, Yao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-5515
Amatya, Prakash Bahadur
Diatta, Saly Amos
Dixit, Sameer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-2120
Gningue, Moctar
Ikilezi, Gloria
Lal, Bibek Kumar https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9674-2399
Masiye, Felix
Moller, Ann-Beth
Moreira, Isabelle
Musokwa, Genevieve Tororo Khulu Makota
Penn-Kekana, Loveday
Sarr, Moussa
Shrestha, Nisha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0762-1419
Thomas, Jordan-Tate
Vwalika, Bellington https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-8187
Yarmol-Matusiak, Erica A.
Phillips, David E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-1015
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
UNICEF
United Nations Population Fund
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Article History
Received: 17 September 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Competing interests
: D.E.P., G.I. and J.T.T. are employees at the Gates Foundation, and E.A.Y.M. is a consultant at the Gates Foundation, which is a funder of this study. The Gates Foundation participated in the analysis, synthesis of results, decision to publish and preparation of the manuscript. G.T.K.M.M. is the founder and CEO of Khulu Associates, an independent consulting firm that conducts research about healthcare providers. The other authors declare no competing interests. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.
