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Article History

Received: 12 February 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 13 May 2026

Competing interests

: L.J.A. reports receiving grants or personal fees from Altimmune, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, ERX, Gelesis, Intellihealth, Jamieson Wellness, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Optum, Pfizer, Senda Biosciences and Versanis and being a shareholder of ERX Pharmaceuticals, Gelesis, Intellihealth and Jamieson Wellness. D.B.H. reports consulting for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Zealand and has received institutional research funding from Eli Lilly and Company, KVK Tech, Novo Nordisk and Weight Watchers. C.W.l.R. has acted as a consultant for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax Pharmaceuticals LLC, Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Johnson and Johnson, Medtronic and Novo Nordisk. A.M.C. has served on advisory boards to Eli Lilly and Company, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and Roche, and received travel support from Eli Lilly and Company and Boehringer Ingelheim, honorarium and travel support from Roman Health Ventures Inc., and received grant support, on behalf of Johns Hopkins University, from Eli Lilly and Company. W.H. has acted as a consultant and advisory board member for Eli Lilly and Company. B.H. reports payment or honoraria from Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Merck S.A., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Abbott Nutrition; travel/meeting support from Novo Nordisk; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Currax. R.G., C.X., E.G.V., C.J.L., A.R., D.M.H., L.G. and N.X. are employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company.